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Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, determination and planetary groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interest
What’s the ongoing story: Spain’s Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez is reaching Vadodara Monday wherever helium and Prime Minister Narendra Modi volition clasp bilateral talks and inaugurate the Final Assembly Line (FAL) works of the C295 medium-lift tactical transport craft for the Indian Air Force.
Key Points to Ponder:
• India and Spain Relations-Know successful detail
• Discuss the improvement of India-Spain diplomatic relations since their constitution successful 1956. How person humanities factors influenced these relations?
• Enumerate the cardinal areas of practice betwixt India and Spain. How bash these align with India’s overseas argumentation objectives?
• Analyse the relation of defence and information practice successful India-Spain relations.
• Evaluate the value of exertion and innovation partnerships betwixt India and Spain, with examples.
• Evaluate the interaction of caller high-level visits and summits connected India-Spain relations
• What is the scope for aboriginal collaboration betwixt India and Spain successful emerging sectors similar renewable energy, AI, and astute cities?
• C295 aircraft-Know its cardinal features
• How C295 craft volition heighten India Airforce fleet?
Key Takeaways:
• The medium-lift C295 craft is replacing IAF’s Avro fleet. The archetypal 16 craft are being delivered successful fly-away information from the Airbus installation successful Seville, Spain. The archetypal of the remaining 40 craft to beryllium made successful Vadodara volition rotation retired by 2026 and deliveries volition beryllium completed by 2031.
• The archetypal Make-in-India task successful aerospace successful the backstage assemblage involves the afloat improvement of a implicit concern ecosystem: from manufacture to assembly, trial and qualification, to transportation and attraction of the implicit lifecycle of the aircraft.
Do You Know:
• The Vadodara installation is India’s archetypal backstage subject transport craft accumulation plant, a concern betwixt Tata Advanced System Limited (TASL) and Airbus Defence and Space (Airbus DS). Under the archetypal ‘Make successful India’ aerospace programme successful the backstage sector, India is to get 56 C295 craft to regenerate the IAF’s bequest Avro fleet.
• According to MEA Website, Relations betwixt India and Spain person been cordial since the constitution of diplomatic relations successful 1956. The archetypal nonmigratory Ambassador of India was appointed successful 1965.
• Spain is India´s 8th largest commercialized spouse successful Europe. Bilateral commercialized during January – December 2020 stood astatine US$ 5.015 cardinal (MINCOTUR, Govt. of Spain), aft crossing the US$ 6 cardinal people for the archetypal clip successful 2018.
• The Indian assemblage forms a tiny percent of the migrant colonisation of Spain. Among the Asian communities, the Indian Diaspora is the 3rd largest group. The earliest Indian settlers were Sindhis who came from the subcontinent astatine the extremity of the 19th period and settled successful the Canary Islands. Many others travelled to Spain from Africa successful the 1950´s and 1960´s, portion others came straight from India.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍PM Modi, Spanish counterpart to inaugurate Tata’s installation for manufacturing C-295 aircraft
📍All astir the C295 craft assembly plant, inaugurated by PM Modi successful Vadodara
Indians mislaid `120 crore successful integer apprehension frauds successful January-April 2024
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Basics of Cyber Security
What’s the ongoing story: INDIANS LOST Rs 120.30 crore in “digital arrest” frauds, which was highlighted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi Sunday, successful the archetypal 4th of this twelvemonth alone, authorities cybercrime information shows.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is Digital Arrest?
• How Digital apprehension scam operates?
• What are the steps taken by GOI to combat Digital arrests Scams?
• What is Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C)?
Key Takeaways:
• Online frauds and criminals typically telephone imaginable victims and archer them that they person sent oregon are the intended recipients of a parcel containing amerciable goods, drugs, fake passports oregon immoderate different contraband item.
—In immoderate cases, the criminals interaction relatives oregon friends of the people and archer them that the people has been recovered to beryllium progressive successful a transgression oregon an accident, and is successful their custody.
—The criminals, who often usage pictures oregon identities of constabulary unit to convey authenticity, usually request wealth from the people for a ‘compromise’ and closure of the case.
—In definite cases, the victims are “digitally arrested”, and forced to enactment disposable implicit Skype oregon different video conferencing platforms to the criminals until their demands are met
• The cybercriminals are besides known to usage studios that look similar constabulary stations oregon authorities offices, and to deterioration uniforms akin to those of instrumentality enforcement agencies.
• A ample fig of complaints person been made connected the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP) astir intimidation, blackmail, extortion, and integer arrests by cybercriminals posing arsenic constabulary officers, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Narcotics Department, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and Enforcement Directorate (ED), etc.
Do You Know:
• The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) nether the Ministry of Home Affairs, which coordinates the effect to cybercrime successful the country, has blocked much than 1,000 Skype IDs linked to specified activities, aft collaborating with Microsoft.
• The Home Ministry is moving with different ministries and their agencies, RBI, and different organisations to combat these transgression activities. I4C has been providing inputs and method enactment to constabulary forces of states/ UTs to place and analyse cases.
• I4C has besides posted infographics and videos connected its societal media level Cyberdost, and connected its handles connected X (Twitter), Facebook, Instagram, etc., to summation awareness. The Ministry has advised citizens to beryllium alert and dispersed consciousness astir cybercrime.
• In its investigation of trends from January to April, the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) recovered that 46% of cyber frauds reported successful this play — successful which the victims cumulatively mislaid an estimated Rs 1,776 crore — originated successful these 3 countries.
• National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) information amusement 7.4 lakh complaints were made betwixt January 1 and April 30 this year, portion 15.56 lakh complaints were received successful each of 2023. A full 9.66 lakh complaints were reported successful 2022, up from 4.52 lakh the erstwhile year.
• According to I4C, determination are 4 types of scams — integer arrest, trading scam, concern scam (task based) and romance/dating scam.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍UPSC Knowledge Nugget of the day: Digital Arrest
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
1. In India, nether cyber security for individuals, which of the pursuing benefits are mostly covered, successful summation to outgo for the nonaccomplishment of funds and different benefits? (UPSC CSE GS1, 2020)
1. Cost of restoration of the machine strategy successful lawsuit of malware disrupting entree to one’s computer
2. Cost of a caller machine if immoderate miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3. Cost of hiring a specialised advisor to minimise the nonaccomplishment successful lawsuit of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence successful the Court of Law if immoderate 3rd enactment files a suit
Select the close reply utilizing the codification fixed below:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
2. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the pursuing to study connected cyber information incidents? (UPSC CSE GS1, 2017)
1. Service providers
2. Data centres
3. Body corporate
Select the close reply utilizing the codification fixed below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
THE CITY
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, biology contamination and degradation, biology interaction assessment.
What’s the ongoing story: On Sunday, Delhi’s mean aerial prime was successful the ‘very poor’ class astatine 356 — the worst successful the country, arsenic per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The Delhi Environment Minister has warned that the adjacent 15 days are important with Diwali festivities (on October 31) and stubble-burning play successful the neighbouring states (Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana) coinciding this year.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What are the large sources of aerial contamination successful Delhi?
• How bash seasonal factors lend to the aerial prime issues successful the region?
• ‘The relation of stubble burning successful neighbouring states successful exacerbating Delhi’s aerial pollution’-Discuss
• What are the nationalist wellness impacts of Delhi’s aerial pollution?
• How does prolonged vulnerability to precocious contamination levels impact susceptible groups specified arsenic children and the elderly?
• Examine biology interaction of Delhi’s aerial contamination connected soil, water, and works life.
• Do You deliberation that aerial contamination lend to municipality vigor islands successful Delhi?
• Assess the socio-economic implications of Delhi’s aerial pollution, peculiarly connected migrant labour, regular wage earners, and section businesses.
• Analyse the relation of the judiciary, peculiarly the Supreme Court and the National Green Tribunal (NGT), successful managing Delhi’s aerial contamination crisis.
• Discuss the effectiveness of regulatory bodies, specified arsenic the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), successful enforcing aerial prime standards successful Delhi.
• ‘The relation of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) successful tackling aerial prime challenges successful India’-What has been its effectiveness successful the discourse of Delhi?
• Do you judge that the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is ineffective successful addressing aerial contamination successful Delhi?
• How tin exertion beryllium leveraged to combat Delhi’s aerial pollution?
• Discuss the relation of technologies similar smog towers, aerial prime monitoring sensors, and outer imagery.
• How electrical vehicles and nationalist proscription reforms tin assistance successful reducing vehicular contamination successful Delhi?
• Compare Delhi’s aerial contamination situation with that of different large planetary cities specified arsenic Beijing oregon Los Angeles. What lessons tin Delhi larn from these cities?
• What are immoderate behavioural changes that citizens tin follow to mitigate aerial contamination successful municipality areas?
Key Takeaways:
• This year, the metropolis saw its archetypal atrocious aerial time connected October 13 erstwhile the Air Quality Index (AQI) dipped to the ‘poor’ class (an AQI betwixt 201 and 300). Compared to 2015, but for the 2021 pandemic year, this was precise delayed. The days that followed oscillated betwixt ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’.
• Prevention of stubble burning has been a “high-priority sector”. As of October 26, a full of 3,434 crop-residue burning events person been reported successful Punjab (1,857), Haryana (700), UP (865) and Delhi (12), arsenic per information from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute. To curb this, in-situ and ex-situ absorption is recommended by the CAQM.
• Artificial rainfall is being considered arsenic a imaginable exigency measurement by the Delhi government. Environment Minister Gopal Rai has repeatedly called for considering unreality seeding arsenic an exigency measurement to induce rainfall and trim contamination portion urging the Centre to convene a gathering with stakeholders to o.k. it.
Do You Know:
• According to a 2015 IIT-Kanpur survey connected sources of contamination successful Delhi, among the apical contributors to PM 10 (particulate substance of diameter of 10 micrometers oregon less) emissions annually were roadworthy particulate astatine 56%, concern constituent sources astatine 10% and vehicles astatine 9%. The apical 4 contributors to PM 2.5 (particulate substance of diameter of 2.5 micrometers oregon less) emissions were roadworthy particulate (38%), vehicles (20%), home substance burning (12%), and concern constituent sources (11%).
• The Centre for Science and Environment’s (CSE) investigation of information from the Decision Support System (DSS) for Air Quality Management shows that among section emanation sources, astir fractional of Delhi’s particulate contamination during wintertime months is from the transport sector.
• One of the cardinal actions to combating aerial contamination is invoking the Centre’s exigency Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) erstwhile the aerial prime successful Delhi-NCR is expected to diminution successful the wintertime months.
• The Delhi authorities has restarted enactment against End-Of-Life vehicles (petrol and diesel vehicles that person completed 15 years and 10 years of age) successful the city. According to officials successful the Delhi Transport Department, determination are astir 1.5 lakh aged vehicles and astir 2,000 of these person been impounded truthful far.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Delhi’s contamination crisis: A perpetual emergency
THE EDITORIAL PAGE
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination:Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination:
• General Studies II: Effect of policies and authorities of developed and processing countries connected India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
• General Studies II: Comparison of the Indian law strategy with that of different countries.
What’s the ongoing story: Bhaskar Chakravorti Writes: The world’s astir almighty federation gnaws connected its fingernails, determination is immoderate comic relief, fewer reasons for hope.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Describe the process of the U.S. Presidential election. How does the Electoral College strategy work, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?
• Evaluate the interaction of Presidential debates connected U.S. predetermination outcomes. How bash they signifier nationalist sentiment and campaigner image?
• Discuss the humanities ground and value of the Electoral College successful the American Presidential election. What criticisms are
associated with this system?
• What are the implications of the “winner-takes-all” attack successful the Electoral College. How does it power run strategies?
• Examine however changes successful U.S. enactment impact India-U.S. bilateral relations. Give examples from caller administrations.
• How bash U.S. Presidential elections interaction planetary geopolitics? Analyze with a absorption connected South Asia.
Key Takeaways:
• The 2024 predetermination is shaping up to beryllium the astir litigated predetermination successful US history; lawsuits are being filed astir each time to pre-emptively formed uncertainty connected immoderate unfavourable results. The authorities has besides jumped into the fray: The US Department of Justice has sued the authorities of Alabama’s apical predetermination authoritative for illegally removing voters from its predetermination rolls.
• The tremendous burdens being dropped connected aboriginal generations don’t look to beryllium a interest connected anyone’s caput — beryllium it campaigner oregon voter. How volition America ever wage for its monolithic debt, for example? A $3.5 trillion spread is expected by 2035 nether Harris’ program and $7.5 trillion is expected nether Trump’s — these numbers are determination betwixt each oregon doubly each of India’s existent GDP.
Do You Know:
• The 2 large governmental parties nominate their statesmanlike candidates done a bid of authorities primaries and caucuses, wherever voters explicit their preferences for who should pb the enactment successful the wide election. In the Republican Party, erstwhile President Donald Trump secured his party’s information with a important pb implicit his opponents, officially becoming the Republican nominee astatine the enactment normal successful Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On the Democratic side, Vice President Kamala Harris entered the contention aft President Joe Biden withdrew, with nary different Democrats contesting her candidacy. Additionally, determination are autarkic candidates moving for president.
• Presidential debates supply candidates with a level to contiguous their policies and reply questions from moderators and the public, giving voters an accidental to observe candidates discussing and defending their positions connected assorted issues.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍The relation of constitution successful shaping Indian and American democracies
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, determination and planetary groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interest
What’s the ongoing story: Arush Khanna Writes: The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) betwixt India and the United Arab Emirates came into unit from August 31, 2024. Replacing the earlier Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) which lapsed connected September 12, 2024, the BIT marks a important determination to bolster economical practice with the UAE, a state which accounts for 3 per cent of the full FDI receipts successful India and cumulative investments of $19 cardinal betwixt 2000-24.
Key Points to Ponder:
• India-UAE Economic Relations-Key Points
• What is the Economic Significance of the UAE for India?
• India and the UAE diplomatic relations established when?
• What is Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)?
• What is CEPA statement with UAE?
• Map Work-UAE (Seven Emirates)
Key Takeaways:
• According to authorities data, betwixt April 2023 and September 2024, FDI equity inflows declined 24 per cent whereas the full FDI, which besides includes reinvested net and superior inflows, contracted by 15.5 per cent.
• Harbouring aspirations of a $5 trillion economy, the Indian government, successful its 2024 Interim Budget promised a renewed propulsion to re-energise economical ties with its commercialized partners. The India-UAE BIT is an important measurement towards fulfilling that promise.
• A precocious constituted adept committee by the Ministry of Law and Justice successful its study (February, 2024) has adjacent recommended the inclusion of 3rd enactment backing successful our arbitration regime. In that light, a broad prohibition of third-party backing for investor-state disputes runs against the home tide which has started to clasp the concept.
• The India-UAE BIT broadens the scope of commercialized by including portfolio investments (Article 1.4) which were specifically excluded successful the exemplary BIT. This would let investors with fiscal holdings to instrumentality recourse nether the BIT and marque immoderate disputes arising therefrom amenable to the investor-state quality colony mechanics (ISDS) nether the BIT.
• The Global Trade Research Initiative has rightly flagged this contented by stating that it whitethorn summation India’s vulnerability to disputes implicit fiscal instruments, adjacent those that don’t importantly lend to economical development, moving distant from the exemplary BIT’s absorption connected semipermanent investments.
Do You Know:
• The India-UAE concern was forged archetypal connected the commercialized of accepted items, and past strengthened with oil. It recovered a ceremonial magnitude aft the instauration of the UAE Federation successful 1971, and past accelerated successful the 1990s, erstwhile a liberalised India embraced the accidental to export to the UAE and markets beyond. The emergence of the UAE arsenic India’s third-largest trading spouse has lone underlined the affirmative outlook the 2 countries stock towards economical cooperation.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Why the Gulf matters for India
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
3. Which of the pursuing is not a subordinate of ‘Gulf Cooperation Council’? (2016)
(a) Iran
(b) Saudi Arabia
(c) Oman
(d) Kuwait
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the astir important portion of India’s economical progress. Analyse India’s vigor argumentation practice with West Asian countries. (2017)
THE IDEAS PAGE
TOP crops, terms volatility & RBI
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, improvement and employment.
What’s the ongoing story:RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das categorically stated successful the minutes of the past Monetary Policy Committee gathering that it is risky to trim the repo rate arsenic inflation is inactive not astatine a comfy level of 4 per cent. September inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index, surged to 5.5 per cent, portion nutrient inflation, affecting the largest colonisation segment, crossed 9.2 per cent. Hence, RBI’s uneasiness successful committing to trim the repo complaint is understandable.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What origin distinguishes Indian ostentation from galore different developed countries?
• Why retired of truthful overmuch commodities that comprise CPI, the highest contributor to wide ostentation is tomatoes, onions and potatoes?
• What tin the RBI’s repo complaint hikes bash to incorporate the troubles coming from tomatoes, onions and potatoes?
• The existent solution to tomatoes, onions and potatoes ostentation whitethorn prevarication beyond the ambit of the RBI-Analyse this statement
• ‘Operation Green’ and tomatoes, onions and potatoes-Know successful detail
• What is Inflation?
• Know the Types of Inflation similar Moderate Inflation, Galloping Inflation, Hyper-Inflation, Stagflation, Deflation, Core Inflation etc.
Key Takeaways:
• Tomatoes, onions, and potatoes (collectively referred to arsenic TOP) represent a important information of the CPI basket. Therefore, fluctuations successful their prices importantly power wide ostentation figures.
• Factors specified arsenic unseasonal rains, droughts, and logistical challenges disrupt the proviso of these vegetables, starring to terms hikes.
• Increased demand, on with constricted supply, intensifies terms escalations. For Instance, successful July 2024, wholesale bulb prices accrued by 106% comparative to the anterior year, whereas murphy prices escalated by 96%.
• The RBI aims to support retail ostentation astatine astir 4%. However, elevated nutrient prices, particularly of TOP vegetables, airs challenges successful achieving this target. The transient quality of nutrient terms ostentation makes it hard for the RBI to code it efficaciously done monetary argumentation tools.
• The authorities has attempted to negociate proviso done imports and improving retention facilities. However, these measures often person constricted contiguous interaction owed to structural challenges successful agriculture and logistics.
Schemes similar the Price Stabilization Fund purpose to buffer terms volatility but person shown mixed results owed to implementation hurdles.
• Enhancing productivity done modern farming techniques and amended irrigation tin assistance stabilize supply. Investing successful infrastructure to streamline the proviso concatenation tin trim losses and guarantee accordant supply, thereby stabilizing prices. Effective regularisation of markets to forestall hoarding and speculative pricing tin assistance successful controlling inflation.
Do You Know:
• Short-term measures similar the caller 40 per cent export work connected onions uncover the government’s user bias and knee-jerk reactions. The solution lies successful processing a information of TOP crops during surplus periods: Converting astatine slightest 10 to 15 per cent of herb accumulation into paste and puree and dehydrating bulb into products similar flakes and powder. Successful models similar Jain Irrigation’s bulb dehydration concern with farmers, show however specified initiatives tin trim wastage and boost farmers’ income.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Why RBI should chopped rates successful December
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, improvement and employment.
What’s the ongoing story: Dhanendra Kumar Writes: The Indian biopharmaceutical manufacture is 1 of the fastest increasing globally and is valued astatine $60 billion. Contributing to this is an summation successful innovation — the state is present ranked 39th successful the Global Innovation Index, up from 81 successful 2015.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is National Biopharma Mission (NBM)?
• What is the conception of ‘evergreening’ successful pharmaceuticals?
• How bash cause companies usage insignificant tweaks successful formulations to widen patent life?
• What are the consequences of extended patents connected cause affordability and accessibility?
• How does ‘evergreening’ interaction entree to generic drugs, peculiarly successful processing countries?
• What relation bash patent offices and regulatory bodies play successful preventing misuse of patent laws?
• Discuss immoderate caller examples wherever regulatory interventions person successfully constricted patent extensions done insignificant modifications.
• What measures tin beryllium taken to beforehand innovation successful cause improvement without relying connected patent extensions?
• How tin governments equilibrium pharmaceutical innovation with the request for affordable healthcare?
Key Takeaways:
• Biopharmaceuticals are medicines made from surviving cells, specified arsenic yeast and bacteria, arsenic against accepted drugs that are made from chemicals. They person revolutionised the attraction of chronic diseases similar cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and superior inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Biopharmaceuticals see biologics and biosimilars. Biosimilars notation to a biologic that is precise akin to the 1 that has been cleared by the authorities for medicine by doctors. That is wherefore they are besides called follow-on biologics. They person the aforesaid efficacy, are arsenic harmless arsenic the notation biologic and are utilized to dainty the aforesaid disorders arsenic the archetypal biologic drug.
• Under the Make successful India Initiative, the Centre has launched the National Biopharma Mission (NBM) — an industry-academia collaborative ngo managed by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council. This $250 cardinal mission, co-funded by the World Bank, aims to accelerate biopharmaceutical development. It supports astir 150 organisations and 300 MSMEs, with 21 shared infrastructure facilities established for probe and biomanufacturing.
• One of the biggest barriers faced by Indian biosimilar manufacturers is patent evergreening. Despite ineligible safeguards, evergreening remains a situation successful launching affordable biosimilars arsenic seen successful the ongoing contention surrounding pertuzumab, utilized to dainty definite types of bosom cancer. In India, owed to its dense illness burden, colonisation density and deficiency of entree to affordable aesculapian attraction for a bulk of the citizens, patent evergreening is simply a challenge.
Do You Know:
• India is simply a pioneer successful the planetary biosimilars market. It was the archetypal state to o.k. a biosimilars merchandise for Hepatitis B. Today, determination are 98 approved biosimilars successful India, with astatine slightest 50 successful the market, the astir successful immoderate country. Many India-made biosimilars person been approved successful markets similar the US.
• The Indian biosimilars marketplace was valued astatine $349 cardinal successful 2022 and is estimated to grow astatine a maturation complaint of 25.2 per cent per annum from 2022 to 2030 to scope $2,108 cardinal by 2030. Between present and 2030, biologic products worthy immoderate $170 cardinal volition suffer patent protection. This volition unfastened a model of accidental for Indian biopharma to motorboat much biosimilar products.
• India’s patent legislation, peculiarly Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, 1970, aims to forestall “evergreening” by rejecting patents for tiny innovations that deficiency substantive improvement. Under this, Novartis’ patent exertion for the crab cause Glivec (imatinib), utilized to dainty leukaemia, was rejected arsenic it did not amusement important method advancement. The decision, upheld by some the Madras High Court successful 2005 and the Supreme Court successful 2013, acceptable a beardown precedent against evergreening practices. Section 3(e) of the Act restricts patenting mixtures of known compounds unless a synergistic effect is proven, and Section 3(i) prevents patents connected attraction methods.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Government approves pharma ngo to make bio pharmaceuticals
ECONOMY
India’s reliance connected imported oil, earthy state grows connected stagnant home production
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Main Examination: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, improvement and employment.
What’s the ongoing story: India’s reliance connected imported crude lipid and earthy state grew further successful the archetypal fractional of the existent fiscal twelvemonth arsenic the delta betwixt depletion maturation and the much oregon little stagnant home accumulation continued to widen.
Key Points to Ponder:
• How has India’s request for lipid and earthy state changed successful caller years?
• Why has home accumulation of lipid and earthy state not kept gait with demand?
• What are the economical implications of accrued dependency connected imported lipid and earthy gas?
• How does reliance connected imports interaction India’s vigor security?
• What are the cardinal challenges hindering home lipid and state production?
• How person policy, regulatory, and infrastructure factors contributed to stagnant home production?
• What steps has the Indian authorities taken to boost home lipid and state production?
• Evaluate the effectiveness of policies similar the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) successful addressing these challenges.
• How does import dependency impact India’s diplomatic relations with large oil-exporting countries?
• Discuss however planetary vigor terms fluctuations power India’s import expenses and inflation.
Key Takeaways:
• The country’s lipid import dependency successful April-September (H1) was 88.2 per cent, up from 87.6 per cent successful the year-ago play and 87.8 per cent for the afloat fiscal twelvemonth 2023-24 (FY24), per latest information from the lipid ministry’s Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell (PPAC).
• Import dependency successful the lawsuit of earthy state was 51.5 per cent successful the archetypal six months of FY25, up from 46.8 per cent a twelvemonth agone and 47.1 per cent for the afloat FY24.
• India’s vigor request has been rising rapidly, starring to higher lipid and state imports. Reliance connected imported lipid has been increasing continuously implicit the past fewer years, but successful FY21, erstwhile request was suppressed owed to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The country’s lipid import dependency stood astatine 87.8 per cent successful FY24, 87.4 per cent successful FY23, 85.5 per cent successful FY22, 84.4 per cent successful FY21, 85 per cent successful FY20, and 83.8 per cent successful FY19.
Do You Know:
• Heavy dependence connected imported crude lipid makes the Indian system susceptible to planetary lipid terms volatility, isolated from having a bearing connected the country’s commercialized deficit, overseas speech reserves, rupee’s speech rate, and inflation. The authorities wants to trim India’s reliance connected imported crude lipid but sluggish home lipid output successful the look of incessantly increasing request for petroleum products has been the biggest roadblock.
• India’s crude lipid imports roseate to 120.5 cardinal tonnes successful H1 from 115.9 cardinal successful the year-ago period, portion home accumulation declined somewhat to 14.4 cardinal tonnes, per PPAC data.
• The country’s gross lipid import measure successful the archetypal six months of FY25 roseate astir 12 per cent year-on-year to $71.3 billion.
• Natural state imports roseate 23 per cent year-on-year to 18.98 cardinal cubic metres successful H1, and outgo $7.7 cardinal against $6.5 cardinal a twelvemonth ago.
• In aboriginal 2015, the authorities had acceptable a people to trim reliance connected lipid imports to 67 per cent by 2022 from 77 per cent successful 2013-14, but the dependency has lone grown since.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍The different lipid imports India needs to interest about
EXPLAINED
Significance of the livestock census, taxon it volition cover
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, improvement and employment.
What’s the ongoing story:Rajiv Ranjan Singh, the Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, connected Thursday launched the 21st Livestock Census successful New Delhi.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is the livestock census each about?
• Which animals volition beryllium counted successful the 21st census?
• What is the nonsubjective of the livestock census?
• How volition the 21st livestock census beryllium antithetic from the erstwhile exercises?
• What did the 2019 Livestock Census find?
Key Takeaways:
• Conducted each 5 years, the census carries retired a headcount of the fig of domesticated animals, poultry, and stray animals successful the country. The census takes into relationship accusation astir the species, breed, age, sex, and ownership presumption of the animals successful question.
• Since 1919, a full of 20 livestock censuses person been carried retired truthful far, with the past being conducted successful 2019. The enumeration process for the 21st census volition instrumentality spot betwixt October 2024 to February 2025.
• According to the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, accusation connected sixteen carnal taxon volition beryllium collected successful the 21st census. These include: cattle, buffalo, mithun, yak, sheep, goat, pig, camel, horse, ponies, mule, donkey, dog, rabbit, and elephant. In total, the census volition seizure accusation connected 219 indigenous breeds of these sixteen taxon recognised by ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR).
Do You Know:
• The information from the census volition besides beryllium important to way advancement of achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. The Livestock Census volition supply information pertaining to Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), and Target 2.5 (to support familial diverseness successful nutrient and nutrition), specifically Indicator 2.5.2 (The percent of section livestock breeds that are astatine hazard of extinction) of the SDGs.
• The census this clip volition beryllium afloat digitised, similar the past 1 successful 2019. This volition see “online information postulation done a mobile application, monitoring astatine assorted levels done a integer dashboard, capturing the latitude and longitude of information postulation location, and procreation of livestock census study done software.”
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Census connected livestock successful Mumbai to statesman from tomorrow
HOW TARDIGRADES ARE ABLE TO RESIST HIGH LEVELS OF RADIATION
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: General issues connected Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change – that bash not necessitate taxable specialization.
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, biology contamination and degradation, biology interaction assessment.
What’s the ongoing story:A squad of researchers has identified the familial mechanisms that assistance a recently discovered taxon of tardigrades (Hypsibius henanensis) withstand precocious levels of radiation. The taxon comprises thousands of genes, which go much progressive erstwhile exposed to radiation. They support the microscopic animals’ DNA from harm and repair breaks, according to the scientists.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is Tardigrades?
• How Tardigrades defy High Radiations?
• How was the survey carried out?
• What did the survey find?
Key Takeaways:
• ‘Multi-omics scenery and molecular ground of radiation tolerance successful a tardigrade’, was published successful the diary Science past week. The scientists progressive successful the probe are affiliated with respective institutions successful China.
• The findings could 1 time beryllium harnessed to assistance support astronauts from radiation during abstraction missions, cleanable up atomic contamination oregon amended crab treatment, according to a study successful Nature.
• Lingqiang Zhang, a biologist astatine the Beijing Institute of Lifeomics and co-author of the study, told Nature, “This find whitethorn assistance amended the accent tolerance of quality cells, benefiting patients undergoing radiation therapy.”
Do You Know:
• The scientists discovered 2,801 of the genes successful Hypsibius henanensis that were progressive successful DNA repair. More specifically, they recovered 3 factors that assistance this taxon past radiation.
• The archetypal was its quality to rapidly repair double-strand breaks successful DNA owed to radiation exposure, by utilizing a macromolecule called TRID1. “The 2nd origin progressive a cistron that was switched connected during vulnerability to radiation, resulting successful the procreation of 2 proteins that are known to beryllium important for mitochondrial synthesis… successful tardigrades, it appears they besides assistance with DNA repair,” according to a study by phys.org.
• The 3rd 1 was Hypsibius henanensis’s quality to nutrient antithetic types of antioxidant pigments called betalains. These pigments can
mop up immoderate of the harmful reactive chemicals that radiation causes to signifier wrong cells, the Nature study said.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Explained: What is Tardigrade, the h2o bear?
| PRELIMS ANSWER KEY |
| 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) |
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