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Mains Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, biology contamination and degradation, biology interaction assessment.
What’s the ongoing story: Earlier this month, the Chhattisgarh authorities notified the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla successful the authorities arsenic India’s 56th tiger reserve. The reserve is expected to assistance Chhattisgarh amended its tiger population, which has been dwindling successful caller years. It besides opens an avenue to the state’s ambition of reintroducing cheetahs astatine the reserve — the past cheetah was spotted present successful the 1940s.
Key Points to Ponder:
• How is the tiger reserve antithetic from nationalist parks and wildlife sanctuaries?
• What is the process of designating a tiger reserve?
• What are the issues associated with tiger conservation successful India?
• What are the steps taken by the authorities for the conservation of tigers?
• What is Project Tiger?
• What is the relation and relation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)?
• What are the conservation efforts for different large cats successful India?
• What is the Tiger Conservation Plan?
Key Takeaways:
• The Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla is the fourth tiger reserve successful Chhattisgarh aft Achanakmar, Indravati, and Udanti Sitanadi. The full country of the caller tiger reserve is 2,829.387 sq km, making it the 3rd largest tiger reserve successful India.
• It is dispersed crossed 4 districts, Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB), Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur successful the bluish tribal Sarguja portion of Chhattisgarh.
• The Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla falls betwixt 2 different important tiger reserves located successful Bandhavgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Palamau, Jharkhand. It is adjacent to Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve, besides successful MP.
• The reserve comprises a wide scope of wildlife taxon (apart from tigers) specified arsenic elephants, sloth bears, vultures, peacocks, wolves, leopards, otters, chitals, jackals, nilgai, bison, hyenas, langurs, cobras etc.
Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla
• The Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla is besides affluent successful flora — comprising sal, saja, dhavda, kusum etc — antithetic types of vegetation. It consists of hills, plateaus, valleys, and a stream strategy which make a divers situation for its affluent wildlife.
• There are 5 to six tigers astatine the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve arsenic of now. The state’s tiger colonisation fell from 46 successful 2014 to 17 successful 2022, the past authoritative tiger presumption study released by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), released successful 2023, revealed.
• Authorities are preparing a broad Tiger Conservation Plan (TCP), which volition tackle antithetic challenges that tiger conservation astatine the reserve whitethorn look – Developing a robust roadworthy and wireless connectivity to assistance patrol the hilly terrain, which forms much than 50% of the reserve, Increasing the prey basal for tigers…
• The authorities is moving connected creating an full eco-tourism circuit and getting a practice tract tag for the reserve. Apart from the jungle safari, infrastructure is being developed for 8 past cave coating sites, spiritual places, stream walk, vulture siting, root of Hasdeo river, 360 degrees presumption of Balam Ghat and waterfalls.
Do You Know:
• In August, the authorities furniture merged the regions of the Guru Ghasidas National Park and the Tamor Pingla Sanctuary, located successful the districts of Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Koriya, Surajpur and Balrampur, to make the caller reserve.
• India has had a agelong and varied past of wood and wildlife conservation. The absorption of tiger reserves is based connected the Tiger Conservation Plan which includes a elaborate program for halfway and buffer zones.
• Under the Environment Ministry, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) oversees tiger conservation and Project Tiger.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Revival of the tiger: A associated effort, a taste renaissance
📍NTCA seeks enactment program from states connected relocation of villages from tiger reserves
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
(1) Among the pursuing Tiger Reserves, which 1 has the largest country nether “Critical Tiger Habitat”? (UPSC CSE 2020)
(a) Corbett
(b) Ranthambore
(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
(d) Sunderbans
China-India authorities of play
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, determination and planetary groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
What’s the ongoing story: “If you and I don’t person trust, past the countries cannot person trust,” a elder Chinese authorities authoritative told The Indian Express successful Beijing past week. The authoritative was referring to the spot shortage betwixt India and China implicit the past four-and-half years of the borderline standoff successful Ladakh.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What are the borderline issues betwixt India and China?
• What was the Galwan Valley clash?
• What are the areas of practice and struggle betwixt India and China?
• What are the steps taken by some nations towards de-escalations?
• What is the value of practice betwixt India and China successful the planetary south?
• Read much – G20, ASEAN, and BRICS
Key Takeaways:
• This analogous was portion of an Indian media delegation that visited China astatine the invitation of the Chinese government. This was the archetypal media delegation to sojourn the state since 2019 — aft the Covid-19 pandemic and the borderline standoff.
• The officials said the 2 sides were discussing ways to bring ties backmost to “normal” – arsenic it was earlier the face-off started successful April-May 2020 on the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
• The officials outlined their “wish-list”: resumption of “direct flights” betwixt the countries, easing of visa curbs connected Chinese nationals including diplomats and scholars, lifting of the prohibition connected Chinese mobile apps, letting Chinese journalists study from India, allowing much Indian movies successful Chinese theatres, etc.
• All these restrictions and curbs were enactment aft the bloody clashes successful Galwan successful June 2020, successful which 20 Indian soldiers including a Colonel-rank serviceman and astatine slightest 4 Chinese soldiers were killed.
• The Galwan clash was the deadliest on the borderline since 1967, and formed a acheronian shadiness connected governmental ties. After galore rounds of discussions betwixt the 2 countries, India announced a breakthrough connected October 21 this twelvemonth — and soldiers from some sides started patrols on the LAC.
• The statement connected “patrolling arrangements” was an important opening to the three-step process of disengagement, de-escalation and de-induction of troops. An important gathering took spot this week to instrumentality the process forward.
• The statement connected “patrolling arrangements” was an important opening to the three-step process of disengagement, de-escalation and de-induction of troops. An important gathering took spot this week to instrumentality the process forward.
• On September 18, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi connected the sidelines of the G20 leaders’ acme successful Rio de Janeiro successful Brazil. The 2 Ministers discussed the “next steps in India-China relations”, according to the authoritative connection issued by India.
• On Thursday, successful the astir caller denotation that India and China were moving to repair ties, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and his Chinese counterpart Dong Jun met successful Vientiane, Lao PDR, connected the sidelines of the 11th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus.
• Singh said the 2 countries needed to “focus connected practice alternatively than conflict”, and “emphasised and looked guardant to greater spot and assurance gathering betwixt the 2 sides done de-escalation”
Do You Know:
• India-China borderline agreement: Five reasons to beryllium cautiously optimisticIndia-China borderline agreement: Five reasons to beryllium cautiously optimistic writes Manoj Kewalramani
1. China’s Foreign Ministry acknowledged that “the 2 sides person reached a solution to the applicable issues.” It added that “China positively evaluates this”, and volition beryllium moving with India to instrumentality the solution that has been agreed. There is small that this reveals, different than the information that determination has been nary implementation of the woody connected the crushed truthful far.
2. It is unclear whether the existent statement implies that the buffer zones created implicit the past 4 years crossed respective friction points volition cease to exist. Some reporting has indicated that this is the logical decision of an statement that restores patrolling rights. However, a ceremonial clarification from the authorities would beryllium utile successful this regard.
3. There needs to beryllium greater clarity connected whether patrolling volition instrumentality spot based connected earlier modular operating procedures oregon whether determination is simply a caller SOP nether this agreement.
4. It is important to analyse Beijing’s incentives to concede connected the contented of patrolling rights astatine this time, fixed that determination has been small advancement successful talks since the past disengagement from Patrolling Point 15 successful September 2022. It has been evident for immoderate clip that for each the sabre-rattling, keeping the bid with India is besides successful China’s interest. China faces an progressively adverse outer situation and economical uncertainty astatine home.
5. It is important to support successful caput that the announcement is conscionable the archetypal measurement successful a agelong process of normalisation of the concern on the bound areas.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍S Jaishankar writes: How India is making friends and influencing the world
📍P Chidambaram writes: It is excessively aboriginal to tell
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
(2) ‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a associated anti-terrorism subject grooming was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which 1 of the pursuing countries? (UPSC CSE 2008)
(a) China
(b) Japan
(c) Russia
(d) USA
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
‘China is utilizing its economical relations and affirmative commercialized surplus arsenic tools to make imaginable subject powerfulness presumption successful Asia’, In the airy of this statement, sermon its interaction connected India arsenic her neighbor. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Argentina considers Paris pact pullout: what does that mean?
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate
What’s the ongoing story: Argentina’s far-right President Javier Milei is considering withdrawing his state from the Paris Agreement, which aims to curb planetary greenhouse state (GHG) emissions, according to respective Western media reports. The speculation surfaced aft Milei’s authorities asked its negotiators to permission the ongoing COP29 clime acme past week.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What are greenhouse gases?
• What is the interaction of greenhouse state emissions connected clime change?
• What is the Paris Agreement?
• What are the issues associated with the Paris Agreement?
• What is the process of withdrawing from the Paris Agreement?
• Why has the USA pulled retired of the Paris Agreement during Trump’s archetypal tenure?
• What is the presumption of limiting the planetary warming to 1.5 degrees?
Key Takeaways:
• The Paris Agreement is an planetary accord that was adopted by astir each state successful 2015 to code clime alteration and its adverse effects. Its superior extremity is to substantially trim GHG emissions successful a bid to bounds planetary warming successful this period to “well below” 2 degrees Celsius supra pre-industrial levels, portion pursuing the means to curb warming to 1.5 degrees.
• The statement mentions the safer bounds of 1.5 degrees based connected a fact-finding study which recovered that breaching the threshold could pb to “some regions and susceptible ecosystems” facing precocious risks, implicit an extended, decades-long period.
• The pact besides requires each Parties (countries which person joined the agreement) to authorities each 5 years what they are doing to tackle clime alteration — what is known arsenic their nationally determined publication (NDC). Each successive NDC is meant to bespeak an progressively higher grade of ambition compared to the erstwhile version, according to the website of the United Nations Framework Convention connected Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• Article 28 of the Paris Agreement lays retired the process and timeline for a country’s withdrawal from the treaty.
It says, “[a]t immoderate clip aft 3 years from the day connected which this Agreement has entered into unit (this happened successful 2016) for a Party, that Party whitethorn retreat from this Agreement by giving written notification to the Depositary”.
• The Article besides states, “[a]ny specified withdrawal shall instrumentality effect upon expiry of 1 twelvemonth from the day of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, oregon connected specified aboriginal day arsenic whitethorn beryllium specified successful the notification of withdrawal.”
• If a subordinate authorities wants to retreat from the treaty, it has to taxable the notification of a withdrawal to the Office of Legal Affairs of the UN, based astatine UN Headquarters successful New York.
• Once the withdrawal notification has been received, it lone becomes effectual aft 1 twelvemonth (or aboriginal if the subordinate authorities truthful says successful the notification). Until the withdrawal comes into force, the subordinate authorities remains successful the Paris Agreement and has to afloat enactment successful each activities nether it, according to the UNFCCC website.
• Experts fearfulness that Argentina’s exit could trigger a domino effect, causing different countries to reconsider their ain participation. This could undermine the Paris Agreement and the world’s clime goals — countries person to slash their emissions by 42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035 to guarantee that the satellite does not breach the 1.5 grade Celsius threshold.
• Argentina is South America’s second-largest system and the world’s 24th-largest emitter of GHGs. It comprises important fossil substance resources and exports, with the second-largest reserves of shale state (a benignant of earthy gas) and the fourth-largest reserves of shale lipid worldwide, according to a study by The Washington Post.
• The withdrawal could besides isolate Argentina, Niklas Höhne, an adept successful clime argumentation astatine the nonprofit deliberation vessel NewClimate Institute, told DW.
• However, immoderate observers judge that President Milei volition not beryllium capable to retreat Argentina from the pact easy owed to home opposition. To instrumentality the withdrawal, helium volition request the support of the parliament which tin beryllium to beryllium a daunting task for him. Argentina ratified the Paris Agreement successful 2016 and each planetary treaties ratified by the state clasp law status.
Do You Know:
• The UNFCCC came into being successful 1994, with the mandate to find a solution to the occupation of clime change. It divided the satellite into 2 neat groups — countries that needed to chopped GHG emissions and those that didn’t. The 37 countries that were expected to instrumentality emanation cuts were named successful Annexure I of the Convention and came to beryllium famously known arsenic ‘Annex-I’ countries. The remainder of the satellite was the ‘non-Annex countries’.
• Annex-I countries were affluent and much capable, and frankincense amended placed to instrumentality emanation cuts, which could not beryllium achieved without restraining economical enactment successful immoderate way. Also, it wasn’t arsenic if the non-Annex countries needed to bash nothing. The UNFCCC realised, and stressed, that clime alteration was a planetary problem, and needed to beryllium tackled with planetary effort. Once emitted, GHGs cannot beryllium restricted to a peculiar state oregon portion and added to the planetary attraction successful the atmosphere.
• Non-Annex countries excessively were, therefore, expected to enactment connected clime alteration — taking adaptation measures and acting swiftly to determination to a low-carbon maturation trajectory. However, mandatory emanation cuts were thing they were expected to beryllium exempt from, astatine slightest successful the adjacent term.
• This led to the constitution of the rule of differentiation, done the look ‘Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities’ (CBDR-RC), successful the UNFCCC, recognising the information that portion each countries stock a work to code clime change, their obligations disagree according to their capacities and circumstances.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
📍Explained: US is exiting the Paris Agreement. What does this mean?
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
(3) With notation to the Agreement astatine the UNFCCC Meeting successful Paris successful 2015, which of the pursuing statements is/are correct? (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by each the subordinate countries of the UN and it volition spell into effect successful 2017.
2. The Agreement aims to bounds the greenhouse state emissions truthful that the emergence successful mean planetary somesthesia by the extremity of this period does not transcend 2°C oregon adjacent 1.5°C supra pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their humanities work successful planetary warming and committed to donate $ 1000 cardinal a twelvemonth from 2020 to assistance processing countries to header with clime change.
Select the close reply utilizing the codification fixed below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
Discuss planetary warming and notation its effects connected the planetary climate. Explain the power measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which origin planetary warming, successful airy of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (UPSC CSE 2022)
EDITORIAL
Damaged: India Inc credibility
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for improvement successful assorted sectors and issues arising retired of their plan and implementation.
General Studies IV: Corporate Governance, challenges of corruption
What’s the ongoing story: Sanjaya Baru writes: The Adani Group’s planetary footprint has stretched from Australia to Greece, Bangladesh to Kenya, China to the United Arab Emirates and beyond. The planetary forays of the Adani Group person been overtly supported by the Government of India successful the sanction of geopolitics and arsenic geo-economic statecraft.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is crony capitalism?
• What is economical diplomacy?
• What is the caller verdict connected Adani successful the USA?
• What are the issues related to crony capitalism?
Key Takeaways:
• The Russian newsmagazine, Sputnik, precocious quoted an Indian diplomat defending the globalisation of India’s crony capitalism arsenic serving New Delhi’s “geo-strategic objectives”. Economic diplomacy, helium was quoted arsenic saying, aims to beforehand India’s broad nationalist power.
• The occupation with this presumption is that Adani was investing overseas with funds borrowed overseas. It is this outer fiscal vulnerability that has present travel to wound him. The US judicial strategy has entered the representation due to the fact that Adani Green, an Adani Group firm, raised funds successful the US and is simply a steadfast registered successful the US, inviting the attraction of the anti-bribery clause successful US laws pertaining to overseas investments.
• The Adani indictment besides points to different cardinal vulnerability successful India’s geo-economics strategy. While China has been capable to widen its economical footprint utilizing its ain fiscal resources, galore Indian firms person been drafting connected occidental concern to money their planetary business.
• This has made the globalisation of Indian concern babelike connected occidental support, arsenic successful the lawsuit of the US backing of an Adani task successful Sri Lanka. However, this dependence connected backing from the US exposes the Indian steadfast to the disciplines of the US ineligible system.
• Much effort has gone into gathering the planetary equity of Indian brands implicit the past 4th century. Business groups similar the Tatas and companies like Infosys person been capable to found themselves arsenic planetary brands aft years of moving astatine it. In 1 fell go, Gautam Adani has considerably weakened Brand India.
• The Adani exposure has damaged the planetary credibility of Indian business. The sooner exemplary enactment is taken the better. At immoderate rate, determination is nary lawsuit for defending the incorrect practices of a concern radical successful the sanction of nationalist interest.
Do You Know:
• The United States Department of Justice has indicted Adani Group Chairman Gautam S Adani, his nephew Sagar Adani and six others connected charges of defrauding investors and concealing a bribery scheme.
• The indictment alleges that betwixt 2020 and 2024, the Adani Group paid implicit $250 cardinal successful bribes to Indian authorities officials to unafraid favourable contracts for star vigor projects, which were projected to make profits exceeding $2 billion.
• The defendants are accused of misleading U.S. investors by concealing these illicit payments portion raising much than $3 cardinal done loans and enslaved offerings
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Explained: The SECI star bid astatine the centre of Gautam Adani’s US indictment
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
Capitalism has guided the satellite system to unprecedented prosperity. However, it often encourages abbreviated sightedness and contributes to wide disparities betwixt the affluent and the poor. In this light, would it beryllium close to judge and follow capitalism for bringing inclusive maturation successful India? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2014)
Zone of containment
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Issues relating to the improvement and absorption of Social Sector/Services relating to Health
General Studies III: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects successful mundane life
What’s the ongoing story: Kamini Walia writes: Modern medicine is nether menace due to the fact that of the increasing load of antimicrobial absorption (AMR). AMR happens erstwhile microbes halt responding to the drugs utilized against them. The drug-resistant infections are astir intolerable to dainty and assertion galore much lives.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is antimicrobial resistance?
• What are the reasons down the expanding antimicrobial resistance?
• What is the interaction of expanding AMR?
• What are the outcomes of the 79th United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) High-Level Meeting connected AMR?
• What initiatives person been taken by the authorities to tackle the situation of expanding AMR?
• What is the UN Resolution connected AMR?
Key Takeaways:
• The archetypal effect to AMR was hampered by a deficiency of prime information owed to absent surveillance systems crossed the globe, particularly successful low- and middle-income countries wherever the load is the highest.
• Early projections published by British economist Jim O’Neill successful 2014, estimating 10 cardinal yearly deaths from AMR by 2050, drew the attraction of policymakers and led to immoderate beardown actions similar consolidation of the Global Action Plan successful 2015 and the UN Resolution connected AMR successful 2016.
• In 2015, WHO launched the archetypal planetary surveillance inaugural — the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). It provides a standardised process for countries to stock country-level AMR data. As of February this year, 137 countries participated successful GLASS.
• A caller study successful The Lancet documented that 1.14 cardinal deaths successful 2021 were straight attributable to AMR, with the highest load successful South Asia and Africa. AMR besides poses the biggest menace to older adults, arsenic deaths successful adults aged 70 and supra accrued by much than 80 per cent betwixt 1990 and 2021, frankincense putting countries with rapidly ageing populations astatine higher AMR risk.
• Since the illness load information from India does not look precise antithetic from the estimates published successful the reports, this should bring a consciousness of urgency for greater enactment towards AMR containment.
• The National Essential Diagnostics List mandates that each territory hospitals indispensable person a microbiology lab, which is present being implemented successful galore states. In a fewer years, we volition person AMR information from territory hospitals too.
• India besides has a surveillance web for livestock, poultry and fisheries. Efforts person been initiated to show antimicrobial consumption. All these request to beryllium sustained and expanded to amended the prime of grounds that tin lend to disease-burden estimations for the country, which will, successful turn, usher policies and investments.
• This twelvemonth volition beryllium remembered arsenic captious successful the combat against AMR. Global leaders successful the governmental declaration astatine the 79th United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) High-Level Meeting connected AMR, including India, committed to reducing quality deaths associated with bacterial AMR annually by 10 per cent by 2030.
• The declaration besides called for sustainable nationalist financing and US$100 cardinal successful catalytic funding, to assistance execute a people of astatine slightest 60 per cent of countries having funded nationalist enactment plans connected AMR by 2030.
• Going forward, India tin bash the pursuing to escalate its committedness towards AMR containment. First, arsenic we draught the 2nd NAP connected AMR, we should perpetrate to improved governance and accountability astatine the highest level to execute the nationalist targets.
• Investments successful healthcare systems volition truthful beryllium important successful our combat against AMR.
• Third, investments to construe probe into the improvement of caller drugs, diagnostics and vaccines volition alteration america to respond amended to crises.
Do You Know:
• AMR is simply a information successful which a pathogen acquires the quality to past and origin corruption adjacent successful the beingness of an antimicrobial drug. AMR is the effect of improvement of microbes successful a concern wherever determination is simply a misuse oregon overuse of antibiotics.
• Excessive usage of antimicrobial drugs tin pb to the instauration of resistant oregon highly resistant superbugs, which tin circulate successful hospitals, done drinking water, oregon sewers. Infections caused by these pathogens volition not respond to commonly prescribed antibiotics.
• Growing antibiotic absorption would mean that elemental infections would go hard to treat.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
(4) Which of the pursuing are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug absorption successful microbial pathogens successful India? (UPSC CSE 2019)
1. Genetic predisposition of immoderate people
2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
3. Using antibiotics successful livestock farming
4. Multiple chronic diseases successful immoderate people
Select the close reply utilizing the codification fixed below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
Can overuse and escaped availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, beryllium contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseasesin India? What are the disposable mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically sermon the assorted issues involved. (UPSC CSE 2014)
GOVT & POLITICS
COP29 successful overtime arsenic countries cull $250-billion offer
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.
What’s the ongoing story: On the last time of the COP29 negotiations Friday, the developed countries revealed their connection connected clime concern — a specified 250 cardinal dollars a twelvemonth from 2035 — angering processing countries which person been asking for 1.3 trillion dollars a year. The league has present gone into other clip arsenic processing countries made a concerted effort to extract a amended offer.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is the result of COP29?
• What is clime financing?
• What are the challenges of clime financing?
• What is the Paris agreement?
• What are the issues of processing countries?
• What are the concerns of developed countries?
Key Takeaways:
• The proposal, portion of a caller draught statement that came retired Friday, did admit the 1.3-trillion dollar request but called connected “all actors”, meaning some developed and processing countries, to “work together” to alteration scaling up clime concern to this level. Essentially, it means the developed countries took nary work for attempting to rise the 1.3 trillion dollars.
• The Paris Agreement puts the onus of generating clime concern solely connected developed countries. As of now, they are nether committedness to rise 100 cardinal dollars per year, a people that they person astir not met. The Paris Agreement has a proviso that says a caller higher fig should beryllium decided earlier 2025, a extremity the countries assembled astatine COP29 are trying to achieve.
• It is not conscionable the projected magnitude that was underwhelming. While processing countries person been demanding that a bulk of clime concern beryllium raised from nationalist sources, and disbursed mostly successful the signifier of grants oregon concessionary loans, Friday’s connection talked astir raising 250 cardinal dollars from each sources — backstage and public, bilateral and multilateral.
• While processing countries person been demanding that a bulk of clime concern beryllium raised from nationalist sources, and disbursed mostly successful the signifier of grants oregon concessionary loans, Friday’s connection talked astir raising 250 cardinal dollars from each sources — backstage and public, bilateral and multilateral.
• Also, the 250 cardinal dollars is projected to beryllium provided lone from 2035, aft a spread of 11 years. This means that successful the meanwhile, the developed countries would proceed to supply lone the 100 cardinal dollars they are presently obligated to raise. In 2009 too, erstwhile the developed countries had archetypal projected the 100 cardinal dollar figure, they had promised to mobilise it lone from 2020.
• The tiny land countries rejected the proposal, saying it was an illustration of asking parties however debased they could spell successful clime ambition. “This substance volition not beryllium capable to afloat instrumentality the Paris Agreement, to genuinely thrust enactment to clasp the 1.5º C limit. This is unacceptable,” the countries said successful a statement.
Do You Know:
• China, India, and different BASIC state partners Brazil and South Africa person been complaining against the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduced by the EU past year. On Friday, China and India confronted the European Union (EU) and warned that unilateral commercialized measures could beryllium detrimental to multilateral cooperation.
• CBAM taxes definite products coming successful from different countries connected the ground of their emissions footprint successful their accumulation process. For instance, if the imported alloy was produced done a process that entailed higher emissions than the emissions standards for that merchandise successful Europe, it would beryllium taxed.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
(5) “Climate Action Tracker” which monitors the emanation simplification pledges of antithetic countries is (UPSC CSE 2022)
(a) Database created by conjugation of probe organisations
(b) Wing of “International Panel of Climate Change”
(c) Committee nether “United Nations Framework Convention connected Climate Change.
(d) Agency promoted and financed by United Nations Environment Programme and World
SC: Can’t accidental each Parliament did successful the Emergency play is simply a nullity
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Constitution of India —historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, important provisions and basic structure
What’s the ongoing story: The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution, by which the words socialist and secular were inserted successful the Constitution during the Emergency, has been the taxable of judicial reappraisal and it cannot beryllium said that immoderate Parliament did astatine that clip is nullity, the Supreme Court said connected Friday arsenic it reserved its determination connected petitions seeking striking down of the amendment.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is the 42nd law amendment?
• How are the socialist and secular principles enshrined successful the Constitution?
• What are the provisions related to the Emergency successful India?
• Why was an Emergency imposed successful 1975?
• What law amendments were made regarding the Emergency?
• What is the process of law amendment?
• What is judicial review?
• Is the Preamble portion of the Constitution?
• What are the law provisions related to Emergency?
Key Takeaways:
• “This 42nd Amendment has been subjected to a definite magnitude of judicial review. This tribunal and adjacent Parliament has intervened. We are acrophobic with a precise constricted contented implicit here… We can’t accidental immoderate Parliament did astatine that time… is nullity,” said CJI Sanjiv Khanna, presiding implicit a seat besides comprising Justice P V Sanjay Kumar.
• CJI Khanna, however, said “The connection socialism utilized implicit present is successful a antithetic discourse that the State indispensable guarantee it’s a payment state, and that determination should beryllium equality of opportunity. That’s done done truthful galore articles. Then wherefore interest astir that score? Why spell into each that?”
• CJI Khanna said “the question is powerfulness nether Article 368 (to amend the Constitution) volition widen to the Preamble. The Preamble is simply a portion and parcel of the Constitution. The Constitution was adopted by the radical of India connected a peculiar day. That’s a fact. But amendments are made…”
Do You Know:
• A preamble serves arsenic an instauration to a papers and contains its basal principles and goals. When the Indian Constitution was being drafted, the ideals down the preamble were archetypal laid down successful the Objectives Resolution, adopted by the Constituent Assembly successful 1947. These ideals emerged retired of the galore debates that took spot during the drafting of the Constitution.
• During the debates successful the Constituent Assembly, members specified arsenic K T Shah and Brajeshwar Prasad had raised the request to adhd these words to the preamble.
• However, Dr B R Ambedkar argued: “What should beryllium the argumentation of the State, however the Society should beryllium organised successful its societal and economical broadside are matters which indispensable beryllium decided by the radical themselves according to clip and circumstances. It cannot beryllium laid down successful the Constitution itself due to the fact that that is destroying ideology altogether.”
• In his petition, Dr Swamy mentioned Ambedkar’s position. Ambedkar besides said, “My contention is that what is suggested successful this amendment is already contained successful the draught Preamble”.
• Indeed, galore principles affirming secularism and socialism were contained successful the Constitution originally, specified arsenic successful the Directive Principles of State Policy that is meant to usher the authorities successful its actions. Some examples are provisions related to the “equitable organisation of worldly resources of the assemblage for the communal good”, and protecting the rights of workers.
• Similarly, successful the cardinal rights that let the state to profess and propagate one’s religion, arsenic good arsenic successful the authorities policies that recognise spiritual occasions crossed communities, an Indian mentation of secularism is followed. Unlike occidental secularism which strictly separates the authorities and religion, the Indian authorities has implicit the years acknowledged and progressive itself successful matters related to each religions.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍December 15, 1977, Forty Years Ago: 42nd amendment
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
(6) Which rule among the pursuing was added to the Directive Principles of State Policy by the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution? (UPSC CSE 2017)
(a) Equal wage for adjacent enactment for some men and women
(b) Participation of workers successful the absorption of industries
(c) Right to work, acquisition and nationalist assistance
(d) Securing surviving wage and quality conditions of enactment to workers
THE CITY
ISRO to make caller algorithms aft SC absorption connected workplace occurrence data
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects successful mundane life
What’s the ongoing story: The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) has told the Commission for Air Quality Management successful NCR and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) that workplace occurrence information presently extracted from antithetic satellites whitethorn not beryllium contiguous crushed reality, and that it volition make in-house algorithms to analyse overseas outer information to get close counts.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is GEO-KOMPSAT 2A?
• What are geostationary satellites?
• What are the satellites utilized to representation land?
• What is the value of the Cartosat bid of satellites?
• What is CAQM?
Key Takeaways:
• The abstraction agency’s effect to workplace fires successful the state was shared by CAQM with the Supreme Court successful an affidavit Thursday aft the apex court’s latest directions to procure information from geostationary satellites alternatively of from Nasa’s polar-orbiting satellites and to marque it disposable for states to instrumentality punctual action.
• On Monday, the Supreme Court was informed that determination could beryllium an undercount successful the information connected workplace fires collected done the polar-orbiting Nasa satellite.
• The apex tribunal was besides informed that information from GEO-KOMPSAT 2A, the geostationary Korean satellite, had picked up fires aft Nasa’s polar-orbiting had passed, raising questions implicit the number of workplace fires.
• Speaking astir the antithetic satellites disposable successful the day oregon evening, the affidavit said INSAT-3DR, Geo-Kompsat 2-AMI, Meteosat-9, Feng Yun-4A/4B, HIMAWARI-8 from India, South Korea, European Union, China and Japan, respectively, are inadequate to springiness an accurate farm fire count.
• Government agencies, including the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and assorted authorities distant sensing centres, astatine present, usage information from the Nasa satellites Suomi NPP, Terra MODIS, and Aqua MODIS.
• It said INSAT-3DR, the Indian outer with a 30-minute reflection frequency, cannot beryllium utilized to accurately observe workplace occurrence counts yet, due to the fact that the images generated by it are of coarser solution compared to Aqua MODIS.
Do You Know:
• The Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO) is preparing to motorboat a outer that volition assistance america way Earth’s “surface motions down to fractions of an inch.”
• Developed successful concern with NASA, the caller outer dubbed NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) volition assistance humans way the question of glaciers, crystal sheets, and oversea crystal and representation the changes to the planet’s vegetation.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍NASA and ISRO caller NISAR outer volition assistance show Earth’s aboveground changes
📍ISRO successfully de-orbits distant sensing outer Cartosat-2
Practice question for UPSC Prelims Covering a akin theme
(7) With notation to the NISAR satellite, see the pursuing statements:
1. This outer is developed by the Indian Space and Research Organisation successful concern with NASA.
2. It volition measurement the question of the full planet’s onshore and ice-covered aboveground each 28 days.
3. The outer volition enactment lone during the daytime.
4. The outer volition beryllium capable to foretell earthquakes.
How galore of the statements fixed supra are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
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| Caribbean connect | Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s conscionable concluded sojourn to Guyana — the archetypal successful much than 50 years — and his acme gathering with leaders of the Caribbean basin constituent to Delhi’s absorption connected a long-neglected region. The representation of “West Indies” resonates successful the Indian caput acknowledgment to the aggravated cricketing connections. |
| Government and RBI disagree connected involvement rates. Neither is wrong | The Narendra Modi authorities and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) look to beryllium astatine likelihood implicit the request for cutting involvement rates amid concerns connected slowing maturation and stubborn inflation. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has said that if Indian manufacture is to grow and physique caller capacities, “our slope involvement rates volition person to beryllium acold much affordable”. |
| PRELIMS ANSWER KEY |
| 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) |
The Indian Express UPSC Essentials brings to you the November contented of its monthly magazine. Click Here to read. Share your views and suggestions successful the remark container oregon astatine manas.srivastava@indianexpress.com
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