UPSC Key: Stampede in Mahakumbh, Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code and National Critical Minerals Mission

On Maha Kumbh’s large day, astatine slightest 30 killed, 60 injured successful stampede

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies III: Disaster and catastrophe management.

What’s the ongoing story: Thirty radical died and astatine slightest 60 were injured successful a pre-dawn stampede Wednesday astatine the Maha Kumbh successful Prayagraj wherever hundreds of thousands gathered to instrumentality a dip astatine the Sangam.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What is stampede

• What triggered stampede successful Mahakumbh?

• What are the superior causes of stampedes during ample spiritual gatherings similar the Mahakumbh?

• How bash radical dice astatine these events?

• ‘These benignant of events exposes lax information rules and regulatory failures’-Discuss

• What relation did the ‘rumour’ play successful these events?

• “A rumour tin termination thousands than a slug can”-Decode the punctuation with respect to stampede and rumour

• Is determination immoderate National Guide connected Crowd Management successful India?

• Suggest measures for effectual assemblage absorption successful events similar Mahakumbh

Key Takeaways:

• The stampede took spot successful the aboriginal hours of Wednesday (January 29), a time unusually ample crowds were flocking to the riverbank for the ritual dip. This was due to the fact that January 29 is Mauni Amavasya, 1 of the days considered precise auspicious for taking a bath astatine the Kumbh Mela. PTI had reported that 10 crore pilgrims were expected to marque their mode to the Maha Kumbh successful conscionable a time connected January 29.

• The incidental took spot soon aft 1.30 americium arsenic radical headed towards the Sangam Nose – it’s the portion of onshore astatine the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati – for a ritual bath connected the time of Mauni Amavasya which is considered auspicious.

• The dormant and injured were taken to aesculapian facilities connected the Maha Kumbh grounds and to hospitals successful the city. Following the incident, the snans (ritual bath) were halted but resumed successful the afternoon. Officials estimated that implicit 10 crore radical had taken a dip successful the waters until evening.

• Officials blamed the incidental connected the dense unreserved towards the Sangam Nose and felling of barricades connected the way meant for akharas headed for the Amrit Snan.

• Witnesses said the stampede took spot erstwhile a assemblage going towards the Sangam ran into those returning. Other witnesses said barricades on the way meant for the akharas were felled and radical charged towards the Sangam Nose.

Do You Know:

• Mauni Amavasya is the caller satellite nighttime of the krishna paksha (the waning satellite fortnight) of the Hindu period of Magh. On this day, some the Sun and Moon are successful the aforesaid raashi of Makar (Capricorn), which makes it astrologically significant. Maun means silence, and connected Mauni Amavasya, it is believed that observing silence, astatine slightest till earlier 1 takes a bath, is beneficial.

• “According to Hindu spiritual beliefs, taking a ritual bath successful a stream connected Mauni Amavasya washes distant one’s sins. Triveni successful Prayagraj (the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati) is considered a ineffable spot. Taking a dip successful the Triveni connected a Mauni Amavasya during Kumbh Mela is, thus, of added spiritual significance,” Dr Ramesh Kumar Upadhyay, president of the Bhartiya Jyotish Aadhyatm parishad successful Jamshedpur, said.

• About wherefore soundlessness is observed connected this day, Upadhyay said, “The caller satellite is simply a time of large happenings successful the satellite of nature. The precocious tide and debased tide are much pronounced, the satellite is betwixt the world and the sun. On specified a day, erstwhile quality is truthful dynamic, Hindu sages person advised stillness and soundlessness for humans.”

• In the ongoing Kumbh, Makar Sankranti was the archetypal amrit snan (earlier called shahi snan) day, and Mauni Amavasya the second. The 3rd is Vasant Panchami connected February 3. Shiv Ratri, which falls connected February 26, the past time of the Kumbh Mela, is besides significant.

• On these days, the saadhus who stitchery astatine the Kumbh instrumentality the archetypal ritual dip arsenic portion of the amrit snan, followed by different devotees. It is the circumstantial planetary alignments of a time that marque it specially auspicious.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍When unbridled devotion led to disaster: Remembering the 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede

UPSC Previous Year Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
1. Which of the pursuing factors are the superior causes of stampedes astatine spiritual gatherings similar the Kumbh Mela?
(a) Poor assemblage absorption and deficiency of exigency exits
(b) Sudden panic among pilgrims
(c) Inadequate information arrangements
(d) All of the above

UPSC Previous Year Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍Discuss the caller measures initiated successful catastrophe absorption by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (2020)

16-page signifier to clergyman certificate: Uttarakhand UCC rules for live-in

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance

Main Examination: 

• General Studies II: Indian Constitution—significant provisions etc.

• General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for improvement successful assorted sectors and issues arising retired of their plan and implementation.

What’s the ongoing story: A 16-page signifier that needs to beryllium filled, Aadhaar-linked OTP, registration fee, a certificate from a spiritual person that the mates is eligible to wed if they truthful wish, and details of erstwhile relationships — these are among the rules prescribed by the Uttarakhand authorities for registration of live-in relationships nether its Uniform Civil Code.
Key Points to Ponder:

• Uniform Civil Code (UCC) successful Uttarakhand-What you cognize truthful far?

• The past of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) transportation successful Uttarakhand-How it started?

• How does the Uttarakhand UCC align with the law provisions related to the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?

• What are the large features of the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code

• How does Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code interaction idiosyncratic laws successful the state?

• Examine the sociological implications of implementing a Uniform Civil Code successful Uttrakhand

Key Takeaways:

• The UCC Act, which was passed by the authorities Assembly successful February 2024, makes it mandatory for couples to registry with the government, some portion initiating and terminating a live-in relationship. Failure to registry carries a jailhouse word up to six months. This applies to residents of Uttarakhand arsenic good arsenic authorities residents surviving elsewhere successful India

• The Rules, which came into effect January 2, outline the documentation required for the registration process – it tin beryllium done some offline and online.

• Rule 15 (3) successful Chapter 5 outlines the “information to beryllium included successful the Statement of Live-in Relationship”. These documents are to beryllium attached with a 16-page signifier – Form 3 of the Annexures to the Rules by those “already successful a live-in narration oregon intending to participate into a live-in relationship”.

• The Rules necessitate successful prescribed format “proof of permissibility of matrimony betwixt the registrants if they are wrong the degrees of prohibited relationship”.

• For impervious of erstwhile past of relationship, the Rules necessitate details of “marital oregon live-in narration anterior to the onset of the existent live-in relationship”. These documents could see last decree of divorce; last decree annulling a marriage; decease certificate of a spouse; certificate of terminated live-in relationship. For marriages dissolved nether customary spiritual practices, past impervious of specified dissolution would beryllium required.

• Under the UCC, the Registrar has powers to contented announcement connected his ain oregon connected the ground of a ailment to an idiosyncratic to registry their live-in relationship. Additionally, isolated from conducting a summary enquiry into the veracity of the documents, the Registrar has to pass the ineligible guardian oregon genitor of the parties registering their live-in narration if they are beneath property 21.

• The instrumentality states that the registration is lone for the “purposes of grounds keeping.” However, the Rules necessitate the Registrar to guardant these registrations to the section constabulary stations wherever the mates resides and makes it mandatory for landlords to request a “provisional” oregon last certificate of registration of the live-in relationship.

Do You Know:

• The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution provides that some the Centre and authorities legislatures tin legislate connected matters pertaining to household laws.

• The Code applies to residents of the state, but lone to those who place wrong the binary genders of antheral and pistillate who are successful heterosexual relationships, frankincense leaving astir LGBT persons extracurricular its ambit.

• The Code, which borrows importantly from secular laws specified arsenic The Special Marriage Act, 1954, and The Indian Succession Act, 1925, repeals each household laws — secular, personal, and customary — to the grade that they are inconsistent with it.

• The Code defines live-in relationships arsenic a narration successful the “nature of marriage” betwixt a antheral and a pistillate cohabiting successful a shared household, and requires compulsory registration of live-in relationships done a “statement of live-in relationship”.

• A live-in narration whitethorn beryllium terminated by either of the parties to the live-in narration by submitting a “statement of termination”.
Failure to registry a live-in narration wrong 1 period of entering into the narration has been criminalised, with punishment up to
three months successful jailhouse oregon good not exceeding Rs 10,000.

• The Registrar whitethorn necessitate the parties to taxable the connection of live-in relationship, done a notice, connected his/ her ain question oregon connected a ailment filed by a 3rd party.

• A progressive betterment reflected successful the Code pertains to the abolishment of the conception of “illegitimate children”.
At present, parent-child relations are governed by some secular and idiosyncratic laws connected guardianship, which discriminate against children calved retired of wedlock by deeming them illegitimate and not granting them rights astatine par with children calved wrong wedlock. While courts person attempted to widen definite rights to children calved retired of wedlock specifically successful matters pertaining to inheritance nether Hindu law, arsenic good arsenic maintenance, the conception of an “illegitimate” kid continues to prevail.

• The Uttarakhand UCC treats children calved successful void and voidable marriages, arsenic good arsenic children calved successful live-in relationships, arsenic legitimate.

• One striking diagnostic of the Code is that it abolishes the coparcenary system, which exists nether Hindu idiosyncratic law. Under the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, spot tin beryllium held arsenic coparcenary spot oregon self-acquired property. Four generations of Hindus clasp ancestral spot arsenic coparceners. Self-acquired spot is idiosyncratic property, and passes arsenic per rules for intestate succession connected death.

• The stock of the deceased successful the coparcenary spot forms portion of the spot excavation again. Consequently, for a idiosyncratic to get their idiosyncratic stock successful coparcenary property, the spot has to beryllium partitioned. The Uttarakhand UCC does distant with the coparcenary system, and extends the aforesaid strategy of succession to each persons irrespective of religion. Thus, each spot volition walk arsenic idiosyncratic spot arsenic per the strategy of intestate succession laid down nether the Code.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍Hits and misses of Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code: What the Bill does, and does not do

UPSC Previous Year Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
2. Consider the pursuing provisions nether the Directive Principles of State Policy arsenic enshrined successful the Constitution of India: (2012)
1. Securing for citizens of India a azygous civilian code
2. Organising colony Panchayats
3. Promoting cottage industries successful agrarian areas
4. Securing for each the workers tenable leisure and taste opportunities
Which of the supra are the Gandhian Principles that are reflected successful the Directive Principles of State Policy?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

GOVT & POLITICS

Waqf Bill draught study adopted, House sheet flags concerns raised during submissions

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.

Main Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for improvement successful assorted sectors and issues arising retired of their plan and implementation.

What’s the ongoing story: From attempting to code concerns implicit the omission of Waqf-by-user, the request to see the semipermanent links betwixt the tenants’ associations and Waqf properties and suggestions for a authorities to cheque declaration of tribal lands arsenic Waqf properties, the 655-page draught study of the Joint Committee connected Waqf (Amendment) Bill has flagged respective aspects of the projected legislation.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What is the meaning of ‘Waqf’?

• What are Waqf properties, and wherefore bash they clasp value successful India’s socio-political landscape?

• Analyse the value of the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, and the Mussalman Wakf (Repeal) Bill, 2024 successful the discourse of managing and regulating Waqf properties successful India.

• What are the cardinal legislative changes and developments successful the medication of Waqf properties successful India done Waqf Act?

• What are the issues acrophobic with Waqf Board?

• How are Hindu and Sikh endowments administered? Are their adherents non-Hindu and non-Sikh?

• Does the Collector person immoderate authorization implicit Hindu and Sikh endowments?

• Why was the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 has been referred to the Joint Committee of Parliament?

• Why Joint Committee of Parliament said astir the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024?

• Discuss the value of parliamentary oversight connected issues similar Waqf properties.

Key Takeaways:

• On the ‘Waqf by user’ issue, which implies that if a spot is being utilized arsenic Waqf it volition proceed to beryllium so, the committee is learnt to beryllium of the presumption that the removal of the proviso from the authorities volition not person an interaction connected registered Waqf successful the lack of a Waqf deed.

• The committee, it is learnt, has suggested that the omission of ‘Waqf by user’ from the explanation of Waqf should use prospectively, and that cases of existing Waqf properties already registered arsenic ‘Waqf by user’ not beryllium reopened.

• The committee, however, is of the presumption that this clause should beryllium taxable to the information that the spot is not progressive successful a quality oregon is simply a authorities property.

• The Waqf Act of 1995 states that “Waqf includes a Waqf by user, but specified Waqf shall not cease to beryllium a Waqf by crushed lone of the idiosyncratic having ceased irrespective of the play of specified cesser.”

• When the projected Bill was tabled successful Parliament successful August past year, it had sought to omit the provisions relating to ‘Waqf by user’, making a Waqf spot fishy successful the lack of a valid Waqf deed.

• It is learnt that the committee, portion noting submissions made by the tenants’ associations astir their semipermanent relation with Waqf properties, has underlined the request to code their concerns compassionately during the formulation of lease rules.

• The sheet wants the Ministry of Minority Affairs to see the concerns of Waqf tenants crossed the state and present laws that let for semipermanent leases to support their morganatic rights safe.

• It is learnt that the committee is of the presumption that extortion should beryllium fixed to Scheduled Tribes and tribal lands nether provisions of the Constitution.
It wants the Ministry of Minority Affairs to instrumentality legislative steps to stall declaration of tribal lands arsenic Waqf onshore truthful that scheduled areas and tribal areas are protected.

Do You Know:
• Waqf refers to properties dedicated exclusively for spiritual oregon charitable purposes nether Islamic law, and immoderate different usage oregon merchantability of the spot is prohibited.
—Waqf means that the ownership of the spot is present taken distant from the idiosyncratic making Waqf and transferred and detained by Allah.
— ‘Waqif’ is simply a idiosyncratic who creates a waqf for the beneficiary.
—As Waqf properties are bestowed upon Allah, successful the lack of a physically tangible entity, a ‘mutawalli’ is appointed by the waqif, oregon by a competent authority, to negociate oregon administer a Waqf. —Once designated arsenic waqf, the ownership is transferred from the idiosyncratic making the waqf (waqif) to Allah, making it irrevocable.
—In India, the past of Waqf tin beryllium traced backmost to the aboriginal days of the Delhi Sultanate erstwhile Sultan Muizuddin Sam Ghaor dedicated 2 villages successful favour of the Jama Masjid of Multan and handed its medication to Shaikhul Islam.
—As the Delhi Sultanate and aboriginal Islamic dynasties flourished successful India, the fig of Waqf properties kept expanding successful India.
—There was a lawsuit made for the abolition of Waqfs successful India successful the precocious 19th Century erstwhile a quality implicit a Waqf spot ended up successful the Privy Council of London during the days of the British Raj.
—The 4 British judges who heard the lawsuit described the Waqf arsenic “a perpetuity of the worst and the astir pernicious kind” and declared Waqf to beryllium invalid. However, the determination by the 4 judges was not accepted successful India, and the Mussalman Waqf Validating Act of 1913 saved the instauration of Waqf successful India. Since then, nary effort has been made to curb Waqfs.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍Waqf sheet clears 14 amendments by NDA MPs, rejects 44 by Opposition

EXPRESS NETWORK

SC: Domicile-based quota successful PG aesculapian courses unconstitutional

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Issues relating to improvement and absorption of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

What’s the ongoing story: THE SUPREME Court connected Wednesday held that domicile-based preservation for admittance to post-graduate aesculapian courses wrong the State quota is unconstitutional arsenic it violates the Right to Equality nether Article 14.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the domicile quota?

• Examine the law provisions related to acquisition reservations successful India.

• How does the Supreme Court’s verdict connected domicile-based reservations for PG aesculapian admissions align with law provisions?

• Analyse the interaction of the Supreme Court’s determination striking down domicile-based preservation for PG aesculapian courses connected aesculapian acquisition successful India.

• Discuss the struggle betwixt domicile-based reservations and merit-based admissions successful higher education, with notation to the Supreme Court’s latest ruling.

• What are the cardinal differences betwixt undergraduate and postgraduate aesculapian admissions successful India regarding preservation policies?

• Explain the relation of the National Medical Commission (NMC) successful regulating aesculapian acquisition successful India.

Key Takeaways:

• “So acold arsenic question… whether providing for domicile/residence-based preservation successful admittance to PG aesculapian courses wrong the State quota is constitutionally invalid and impermissible is concerned, our reply is successful the affirmative. Yes, it is constitutionally invalid. In different words, providing for domicile oregon residence-based preservation successful PG aesculapian courses is constitutionally impermissible and cannot beryllium done,” said a three-Judge Bench of Justices Hrishikesh Roy, Sudhanshu Dhulia and S V N Bhatti.

• Writing for the Bench, Justice Dhulia said: “We are each domiciled successful the territory of India. We are each residents of India. Our communal enslaved arsenic citizens and residents of 1 state gives america the close not lone to take our residence anyplace successful India, but besides gives america the close to transportation connected commercialized and concern oregon a assemblage anyplace successful India. It besides gives america the close to question admittance successful acquisition institutions crossed India.”

• The tribunal said that portion specified preservation whitethorn beryllium permissible “to a definite degree” successful MBBS courses, it is impermissible successful PG aesculapian courses.

• “The payment of preservation successful acquisition institutions, including aesculapian colleges, to those who reside successful a peculiar State tin beryllium fixed to a definite grade lone successful MBBS courses, for which we person assigned reasons successful preceding paragraphs. But considering the value of specializer doctors successful PG aesculapian course, preservation astatine the higher level connected the ground of residence would beryllium violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India,” the tribunal said.

• “If specified a preservation is permitted, it would beryllium an penetration connected the cardinal rights of respective students who are being treated unequally simply for the crushed that they beryllium to a antithetic State successful the Union. This would beryllium a usurpation of the equality clause successful Article 14 of the Constitution and would magnitude to a denial of equality earlier the law,” it said.

• “The State quota seats, isolated from a tenable fig of institution-based reservations, person to beryllium filled strictly connected the ground of merit successful all-India examination,” the tribunal said, portion adding that its determination would not impact admissions already granted connected the ground of domicile-based reservation.

• “Domicile successful mean parlance denotes ‘the spot of living’ oregon imperishable residence. The ineligible conception is, however, different,” the tribunal said. “The precise conception of a provincial oregon State domicile successful India is simply a misconception. There is lone 1 domicile successful India, which we notation to arsenic domicile successful the territory of India arsenic fixed nether Article 52. All Indians person lone 1 domicile, which is the Domicile of India,” it said.

• The Bench besides noted that successful Dr Pradeep Jain vs Union of India, the SC had, successful 1984, explained wherefore residence-based preservation successful PG aesculapian courses was violative of Article 14, and specified preservation whitethorn beryllium permissible successful MBBS courses.

Do You Know:

• For postgraduate aesculapian seats, the Centre conducts counselling for lone 50% of the full intake portion the remainder is filled by authorities counseling bodies arsenic per their ain rules. Within this remaining 50%, states earmark a quota for ‘domicile’ candidates.

• SC ruling connected domicile-based reservation: Key points
—Violation of Article 14: The Court stated that the signifier of domicile-based preservation successful PG aesculapian admissions goes against the Right to Equality guaranteed nether Article 14 of the Indian Constitution.
—Right to take residence and profession: Justice Dhulia, speechmaking retired the operative portion of the judgment, emphasised that each Indian citizens are entitled to a azygous domicile — that of India. Citizens person the close to reside anyplace successful the country, signifier immoderate assemblage and question acquisition opportunities anyplace without restrictions.
—Reservations lone permissible successful MBBS courses: While the Court acknowledged that immoderate grade of domicile-based preservation successful undergraduate (MBBS) courses aft NEET UG mightiness beryllium permissible, it categorically stated that this should not widen to PG aesculapian courses owed to their specialised nature.
—Clarification connected existing reservations: The ruling clarified that it would not impact immoderate domicile-based reservations that person already been granted for PG aesculapian admissions anterior to the judgement.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍NEET PG: SC declares domicile-based preservation for postgraduate aesculapian admissions unconstitutional

UPSC Practice Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
3. The Supreme Court’s judgement is successful enactment with which of the pursuing landmark cases concerning aesculapian admissions?
(a) Pradeep Jain vs. Union of India (1984)
(b) Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India (2008)
(c) Mohini Jain vs. State of Karnataka (1992)
(d) Minerva Mills vs. Union of India (1980)

FDA clears Ozempic for diabetics to chopped kidney illness risk

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Issues relating to improvement and absorption of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

What’s the ongoing story: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Novo Nordisk’s diabetes-cum-weight nonaccomplishment cause Ozempic for patients with some chronic kidney illness and diabetes.

Key Points to Ponder:

• Discuss the value of the FDA’s support of Ozempic for reducing kidney illness hazard successful diabetes patients.

• Examine the relation of cause regulatory bodies specified arsenic the FDA successful ensuring harmless and effectual treatments for chronic diseases similar diabetes.

• How does India’s regulatory model comparison with that of the US?

• What are the challenges faced by diabetic patients successful India successful accessing precocious medications similar Ozempic?

• Suggest argumentation measures to amended entree to modern diabetes treatments.

• Evaluate the relation of pharmaceutical innovations successful managing non-communicable diseases similar diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

• What lessons tin India larn from the FDA’s approach?

Key Takeaways:

• This came aft objective trials showed it reduced hazard of kidney failure, illness progression and decease owed to bosom problems.

• This is simply a important breakthrough successful managing diabetes-related conditions.

• The FDA support is based connected results from a proceedings investigating the effects of once-a-week Ozempic injections connected large kidney and cardiovascular outcomes successful adults with Type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. It showed a 24 per cent reduced hazard of worsening kidney illness and kidney nonaccomplishment (end-stage kidney disease) and besides led to a 4.9 per cent hazard simplification successful decease from cardiovascular disease.

Do You Know:

• Ozempic contains semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist (RA), which mimics the relation of a hormone released by the intestine aft eating. It lowers humor sweetener by helping the pancreas marque much of the glucose-regulating hormone called insulin. It tin besides assistance with value nonaccomplishment by reducing appetite and expanding the feeling of “fullness”.

• The FDA support is important for India, wherever Ozempic volition apt beryllium disposable soon. “Diabetes is the starring origin of kidney illness truthful the medicine volition beryllium beneficial connected a ample scale. Prevention is of important value truthful that we bash not make an economical load by expanding the fig of kidney transplants,” said Dr Himanshu Verma, prof and caput of the Nephrology section astatine VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital successful Delhi.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Obesity existent hazard for humor sugar: Why value nonaccomplishment drugs are preventing different diseases too

UPSC Previous Year Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
4. Consider the pursuing statements: (UPSC CSE 2019)
1. According to the Indian Patent Act, a biologic process to make a effect tin beryllium patented successful India
2. In India, determination is nary Intellectual Property Appellate Board.
3. Plant varieties are not eligible to beryllium patented successful India.
Which of the statements fixed supra is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

THE IDEAS PAGE

Busting escaped commercialized myths

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance

Main Examination: General Studies II: Effect of policies and authorities of developed and processing countries connected India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

What’s the ongoing story: Rajat Kathuria, Neha Gupta Writes: Contrary to the communicative that India is being utilized arsenic a dumping ground, it has maintained a surplus successful finished goods commercialized with galore FTA partners, including ASEAN countries

Key Points to Ponder:

• What is Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?

• Know astir different types of commercialized agreements similar Bilateral concern pact (BIT), Preferential Trade Area, Single market, Customs Union etc.

• Discuss the conception of escaped commercialized and its interaction connected India’s economy.

• What are the advantages and challenges associated with escaped commercialized policies?

• Analyse India’s stance connected Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) successful caller years.

• How has India’s argumentation evolved successful effect to planetary commercialized dynamics?

• What are the cardinal concerns of home industries regarding India’s escaped commercialized agreements?

• Suggest argumentation measures to equilibrium home economical interests with commercialized liberalization.

• Evaluate India’s determination to enactment retired of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).

• How bash escaped commercialized policies align with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative? Discuss whether they are complementary oregon contradictory.

Key Takeaways:

Rajat Kathuria, Neha Gupta Writes:

• In the upcoming budget, we expect to perceive announcements relating to reducing the commercialized deficit, stemming the rupee’s depreciation and promoting exports — each successful the aforesaid breath.

• It is wide felt that India’s comparatively precocious tariff rates are inimical to much integration into GVCs. It is besides existent that customs duties are nary longer an important root of wide taxation revenue, but alternatively an instrumentality to execute different argumentation objectives, 1 of which is protectionism. US President Donald Trump levied tariffs connected ChFinese imports successful 2018, citing its unfair signifier of authorities enactment for enterprises.

• China retaliated, which led to an escalation of tensions. Trade wars wounded everybody. Although Trump says “tariff” is his “favourite connection successful the dictionary” and that helium would usage tariffs to boost home manufacturing, helium has held disconnected connected the 60 per cent summation helium had promised connected the run trail. Instead, 10 per cent is each that is expected to beryllium levied connected circumstantial Chinese goods opening February 1. Perhaps the connection successful Trump dialling down is that tariffs are not the champion mode to boost section manufacturing successful an interconnected world.

• India volition bash good to internalise that lesson. Combined with precocious tariffs, predominant changes bash not help. An illustration is the fluctuating tariff connected components utilized successful mobile telephone manufacturing. Lenses for camera modules successful phones, initially duty-free successful 2019, were taxable to a 2.5 per cent work successful 2021, lone to go duty-free again successful 2023.

• Similarly, PCBAs and moulded plastics for telephone chargers faced a work hike of 10 per cent successful 2018, which was further accrued to 15 per cent successful 2021. While parts of chargers became zero work successful 2018, these were subsequently taxed astatine 10 per cent successful 2021. The past fund saw a simplification successful the basal customs work connected mobile phones, their chargers and PCBAs to 15 per cent from the 20 per cent imposed successful the 2018-20 period.

Do You Know:

• India’s export maturation remains stagnant; its stock successful planetary exports lingers astir 2 per cent. Lowering customs duties and stabilising argumentation are, however, improbable to beryllium capable either successful the upcoming fund oregon subsequently.

• Trade argumentation requires broad reform, including the constitution of a dedicated committee to guarantee argumentation consistency and to formulate an enactment program to execute the nonsubjective of $2 trillion successful exports by 2030.

• In this regard, the caller declaration by the CEO of NITI Aayog that “India is 1 of the fewer (big) economies which is not a portion of ample commercialized agreements” needs superior evaluation. Mega commercialized blocs specified arsenic the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) are reshaping planetary trade, but India is ambivalent astir their utility.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍Pharma & user goods: Donald Trump’s tariff threats, and wherever India could consciousness the heat

UPSC Previous Year Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
5. Which of the pursuing is NOT a payment of escaped trade?
(a) Increased marketplace entree for exporters
(b) Lower prices for consumers
(c) Reduction successful contention for home industries
(d) Greater ratio and innovation

EXPLAINED

India-China thaw: What good people of the countries’ statements says

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.

Main Examination: General Studies II: India and its neighbourhood- relations.

What’s the ongoing story: In a large diplomatic breakthrough, New Delhi and Beijing person decided connected a slew of measures to repair bilateral ties: resuming Kailash Mansarovar Yatra this summer, restoring nonstop flights betwixt the 2 capitals, issuing visas for journalists and deliberation tanks, and sharing trans-border stream data.

Key Points to Ponder:

• Discuss the value of caller diplomatic engagements betwixt India and China. How bash their authoritative statements bespeak changes successful their overseas argumentation approaches?

• Analyse the cardinal challenges successful India-China relations, focusing connected borderline disputes, commercialized imbalances, and geopolitical tensions.

• What diplomatic steps tin beryllium taken to amended bilateral ties?

• Examine the relation of high-level diplomatic dialogues, specified arsenic the Special Representatives (SR) talks and Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination (WMCC), successful resolving India-China borderline tensions.

• Evaluate the interaction of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) connected India-China relations.

• Why has India consistently opposed the BRI?

• Analyse the implications of India’s commercialized shortage with China and the steps required to code it.

• How does the India-China borderline quality interaction determination information successful South Asia?

Key Takeaways:

• These decisions were arrived astatine aft Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri, during a caller China visit, met the country’s Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong, Foreign Minister Wang Yi, and Minister of International Department of the Communist Party of China Liu Jianchao.
But the good people of the 2 countries’ statements uncover convergences and divergences successful their approach.

• While India talked astir what was “agreed” betwixt Prime Minister Narendra Modi and China’s President Xi Jinping successful Kazan, China talked astir the “important consensus” reached by the leaders.

• India said they “reviewed the authorities of India-China bilateral relations comprehensively” and agreed to instrumentality definite “people-centric steps to stabilise and rebuild ties”. So, the absorption is connected “review” and “people-centric steps”.

• China said that they were discussing measures for the “improvement and development” of China-India relations, and that the 2 sides reached “consensus” connected circumstantial measures. Thus, Delhi’s connection is much nuanced and cautious, portion Beijing has a much optimistic appraisal of the talks.

• On Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, the 2 statements astir echo each other, but the Chinese connection reflects much urgency, with a notation of “as soon arsenic possible”. The Indian connection said the 2 sides “decided to resume the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra successful the summertime of 2025; the applicable mechanics volition sermon the modalities for doing truthful arsenic per existing agreements”. The Chinese connection said: “The 2 sides agreed to resume the Indian pilgrims’ sojourn to Kailash Mansarovar successful Xizang Autonomous Region, China successful 2025, and volition sermon applicable arrangements arsenic soon arsenic possible.”

• On nonstop flights, a cautious speechmaking of the 2 statements shows that Delhi wants a caller pact, portion China has linked it to visas and nonmigratory journalists.

• On trans-border rivers similar the Brahmaputra, some sides agreed to clasp an aboriginal gathering of India-China Expert Level Mechanism. This volition impact sharing of data, which has been an contented recently.

Do You Know:

• On the commemoration of the 75th day of ties — the 2 countries had established diplomatic ties successful 1949 — the accent is again
a spot different. While the Indian authorities is looking astatine “restoring nationalist trust”, the Chinese person linked it to visas. While China claims it is issuing a ample fig of visas to Indian nationals, Indian visa issuances to Chinese nationals person reportedly crashed from astir 2 lakh successful 2019 to a fewer thousands successful 2024. In January 2024, the Chinese embassy successful Delhi had said that implicit 180,000 Chinese visas were issued to Indian citizens successful 2023.

• The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. India considers the LAC to beryllium 3,488 km long, portion the Chinese see it to beryllium lone astir 2,000 km. It is divided into 3 sectors: the eastbound assemblage which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, the mediate assemblage successful Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the occidental assemblage successful Ladakh.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍A much-needed thaw

UPSC Previous Year Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍‘China is utilizing its economical relations and affirmative commercialized surplus arsenic tools to make imaginable subject powerfulness presumption successful Asia’, In the airy of this statement, sermon its interaction connected India arsenic her neighbour. (UPSC CSE GS2, 2017)
📍With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising hostility affirm the request for safeguarding maritime information to guarantee state of navigation and implicit formation passim the region. In this context, sermon the bilateral issues betwixt India and China. (UPSC CSE GS2, 2014)

Promise of atomic fusion

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.

Main Examination: General Studies III: Awareness successful the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intelligence spot rights.

What’s the ongoing story: An experimental atomic fusion reactor successful China past week triggered a batch of excitement by keeping its operational authorities maintained for much than 1,000 seconds, oregon implicit 17 minutes, which is simply a caller record. Nuclear fusion is what produces the vigor successful the Sun, oregon immoderate different star.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What is Fusion?

• Fusion vs Fission-Compare and contrast

• China has made important advancements successful atomic fusion technology. Discuss the imaginable implications of this breakthrough for planetary vigor information and geopolitics.

• What are the cardinal technological and technological challenges successful achieving a commercially viable atomic fusion reactor?

• India is portion of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. Discuss India’s relation successful atomic fusion probe and its imaginable benefits for the country.

• Analyse the economical and biology feasibility of atomic fusion arsenic an alternate vigor source. Can it regenerate fossil fuels wholly successful the future?

Key Takeaways:

• Fusion reactions necessitate precise precocious temperatures, hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius — higher than the temperatures successful the Sun’s core.

• At specified precocious temperatures, substance exists lone successful the plasma state, successful which atoms get divided into positively and negatively charged particles. But specified blistery plasma cannot beryllium handled by oregon contained successful immoderate material.

• Within the reactor, this plasma needs to beryllium kept suspended successful a confined space, surrounded by precise beardown magnetic fields acting as
walls.

• Charged particles respond to magnetic fields, and this spot is utilized to usher the travel of plasma wrong an enclosed space, separated from immoderate matter. This condition, indispensable for facilitating fusion reactions, is highly delicate and unstable, with the tiniest of changes successful the magnetic tract disturbing the full set-up. Scientists person not been capable to support these conditions for longer than a fewer seconds.

• That is wherefore the accomplishment of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) reactor, located astatine the Institute of Plasma Physics successful Anhui state successful eastbound China, is being seen arsenic truthful important. It is simply a important betterment connected this reactor’s erstwhile grounds of a small implicit 400 seconds achieved successful 2023.

• Real-life electricity-generating reactors would necessitate this authorities to beryllium maintained for hours, adjacent days, astatine a stretch. Only past would continuous operations beryllium possible, similar existent atomic reactors which are based connected fission technology.

Do You Know:

• Fusion exertion has been nether improvement for much than 70 years but advancement has been slow. Even the optimistic forecasts, astatine slightest till a fewer years ago, suggested a functional fusion reactor, producing energy astatine a commercialized scale, would not beryllium realised earlier 2050.
For this reason, nary of the planetary vigor modulation pathways for a net-zero satellite successful 2050, oregon 2070, origin successful the imaginable of fusion electricity. Each 1 of those pathways, incidentally, is heavy babelike connected the occurrence of respective different uncertain technologies specified arsenic c sequestration and c removal, whose method and economical viability stay nether doubt.

• The atomic vigor presently successful usage crossed the satellite comes from the fission process, successful which the nucleus of a heavier constituent is divided into those of lighter elements successful a controlled manner.

• In fusion, nuclei of 2 lighter elements are made to fuse unneurotic to signifier the nucleus of a heavier atom. A ample magnitude of vigor is released successful some these processes, but substantially much successful fusion than fission. For example, the fusion of 2 nuclei of a heavier isotope of hydrogen, called tritium, produces astatine slightest 4 times arsenic overmuch vigor arsenic the fission of a uranium atom which is the mean process of generating energy successful a atomic reactor. Besides greater vigor yield, fusion is besides a carbon-free root of energy, and has negligible radiation risks.

• In the past fewer years, fusion probe has produced a drawstring of breakthroughs. In December 2021, the United Kingdom-based JET laboratory acceptable a caller grounds successful the magnitude of vigor produced done fusion. It produced astir 12 MW of energy for 5 seconds, capable to cater to the demands of astir 10,000 homes for that play of time.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍The fusion vigor breakthrough

UPSC Previous Year Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
6. India is an important subordinate of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experimentation succeeds, what is the contiguous vantage of India?
a) It tin usage thorium successful spot of uranium for powerfulness generation
b) It tin attain a planetary relation successful outer navigation
c) It tin drastically amended the ratio of its fission reactors successful powerfulness generation
d) It tin physique fusion reactors for powerfulness generation

ISRO celebrates 100th launch: Its travel truthful far, immoderate upcoming ventures

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.

Main Examination: General Studies II: Achievements of Indians successful subject & technology; indigenization of exertion and processing caller technology.

What’s the ongoing story: With the archetypal motorboat of 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved the significant milestone of having carried retired 100 launches. 

Key Points to Ponder:

• What is the value of ISRO’s 100th launch?

• How has ISRO contributed to India’s abstraction capabilities implicit the years?

• Examine the relation of PSLV successful India’s abstraction missions.

• Analyse the interaction of India’s abstraction programme connected its strategic, economic, and technological growth.

• Discuss however ISRO’s achievements person strengthened India’s presumption successful the planetary abstraction economy.

• Evaluate the relation of backstage players successful boosting India’s abstraction industry.

• How ISRO’s commercialized arm, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), is contributing to making India a planetary hub for outer launches.

Key Takeaways:

• The GSLV-F15 enactment successful orbit the navigation outer NVS-02 connected Wednesday aboriginal morning. After the launch, the caller Isro chairperson Dr V Narayanan, recalled the greats similar Vikram Sarabhai, Satish Dhawan, and APJ Abdul Kalam. “On behalf of the contiguous procreation of Isro leaders, I salute each the erstwhile procreation of leaders, the past and contiguous employees, and our household members,” helium said.

• With the abstraction bureau targeting big-ticket missions specified arsenic the illustration instrumentality ngo from the moon, the ngo to Venus, mounting up an Indian abstraction station, and sending a antheral to the moon, ISRO is moving towards processing a heavier rocket called Next Generation Launch Vehicle.

• NGLV volition beryllium susceptible of carrying up to 30,000 kg to debased world orbit. It volition beryllium 91 metres gangly arsenic compared to the 43 metres of LVM3. It volition besides person a re-usable archetypal stage, which would beryllium utilised 15 to 20 times, to marque the launches much affordable.

• NVS-02 is 1 of the 5 replacement satellites for the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, besides referred to arsenic NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation). The caller procreation satellites are heavier with longer ngo life. They transportation the indigenously developed atomic timepiece onboard. And, importantly, they person been enabled with a 3rd frequence L1, which is mostly utilised by the US Global Positioning System (GPS). This volition assistance successful the utilisation of the NavIC signals more, with astir each devices including smaller ones specified arsenic idiosyncratic trackers besides carrying receivers for L1 set signals.

• NavIC is simply a seven-satellite determination positioning strategy that tin supply determination information connected the Indian mainland and up to 1,500 kilometres around. The NavIC satellites tin supply presumption accuracy of up to 20 m nether modular positioning work that is disposable to each and a restricted work for amended accuracy disposable to customers.

Do You Know:

• The abstraction bureau has its roots successful the Indian National Committee for Space Research acceptable up nether the Department of Atomic Energy successful 1962. The Indian Space Research Organisation that we cognize contiguous was acceptable up successful 1969 — the aforesaid twelvemonth that the United States sent men to the moon. A abstracted section of abstraction was created lone successful 1972.
The abstraction bureau has since developed respective rockets, becoming a reliable motorboat spouse adjacent for satellites from different countries. It has besides carried retired technological missions specified arsenic the 3 Chandrayaan missions, which supply utile information not lone to researchers from wrong the state but crossed the world.

• Isro has truthful acold developed astatine slightest six generations of motorboat vehicles, of which 4 stay successful operation. The archetypal 2 generations of launchers are nary longer successful use. There were 3 developmental flights and 1 operational formation of the four-stage, coagulated substance conveyance SLV-3 that could transportation 40 kg to debased world orbit. And, determination were lone 4 improvement flights of its augmented mentation that could transportation 150 kg to debased world orbit.

• It was the 3rd procreation PSLV that continues to beryllium Isro’s workhorse launcher. The four-stage rocket with coagulated and liquid fuel-based engines is susceptible of carrying conscionable nether 2,000 kg to debased world orbit. There person been 62 flights of PSLV, including 3 improvement flights. Only 2 of the launches utilizing PSLV person been unsuccessful.

• Then came the GSLV, whose archetypal flights utilized cryogenic engines supplied by Russia. When the exertion could not beryllium transferred from Russia due to the fact that of geopolitical reasons, India developed its ain cryogenic engine. GSLV-F15 utilised for the 100th motorboat is simply a saltation of this conveyance — and the eleventh formation utilizing an indigenously developed cryogenic engine.

• In the 100 launches truthful far, the abstraction bureau has placed successful orbit 548 satellites weighing 120 tonnes successful total. This includes 433 satellites weighing 23 tonnes that came from overseas nations. Isro has launched connection satellites, world reflection satellites, navigation satellites, and experimental satellites.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍ISRO scores a period of missions with motorboat of navigation satellite

UPSC Previous Year Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
7. Consider the pursuing statements: The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. is besides called the Mars Orbiter Mission
2. made India the 2nd state to person a spacecraft orbit the Mars aft USA
3. made India the lone state to beryllium palmy successful making its spacecraft orbit the Mars successful its precise archetypal attempt
Which of the statements fixed supra is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

ECONOMY

Cabinet approves captious minerals ngo with `16,300 crore outlay

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development

Main Examination: General Studies II: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

What’s the ongoing story: The Union Cabinet has approved the mounting up of the National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM) on Wednesday with a budgetary outlay of Rs 16,300 crore implicit 7 years, with an further Rs 18,000 crore expected successful investments from cardinal nationalist assemblage undertakings (PSUs).

Key Points to Ponder:

• What are captious minerals?

• Why captious minerals are important for India’s economical and strategical security?

• Discuss the objectives and cardinal features of the recently approved National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM).

• Analyse the relation of captious minerals successful India’s modulation to renewable energy, electrical mobility, and high-tech manufacturing.

• Explain the planetary proviso concatenation dynamics of captious minerals.

• How does the Critical Minerals Mission align with India’s broader concern policies specified arsenic ‘Make successful India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’?

Key Takeaways:

• With Rs 3,000 crore budgeted for the National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) andRs 4,000 crore for the Geological Survey of India (GSI), the NCMM targets 1,200 home captious mineral exploration projects till 2030-31. The Ministry of Mines besides aims to auction implicit 100 captious mineral blocks by then.

• A boost successful exploration of captious minerals volition supply imaginable investors with cardinal information connected reserves, which successful crook volition summation involvement and information successful auctions. Till now, GSI has undertaken 368 exploration projects implicit the past 3 years, with 195 projects presently underway, and the mines ministry has auctioned disconnected 24 captious mineral blocks.

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi hailed the NCMM arsenic a “major measurement towards self-reliance” successful captious minerals. “The Union Cabinet’s determination connected National Critical Mineral Mission volition promote India’s high-tech, cleanable energy, defence and different cardinal industries,” helium posted connected X.

Do You Know:

• Critical minerals that are indispensable for economical improvement and nationalist security, and the deficiency of availability of these minerals oregon the attraction of extraction oregon processing successful a fewer geographical locations could perchance pb to “supply concatenation vulnerabilities and adjacent disruption of supplies”. This is existent for minerals specified arsenic lithium, graphite, cobalt, titanium, and uncommon world elements, which are indispensable for the advancement of galore sectors, including high-tech electronics, telecommunications, transport, and defence.

• One of the definitions cited successful the study characterises a mineral arsenic captious erstwhile the hazard of proviso shortage and associated interaction connected the system is (relatively) higher than different earthy materials. This explanation of a captious mineral was archetypal adopted successful the US and the consequent authorities that resulted from the analysis, the study said. The European Union besides carried retired a akin workout and categorised captious minerals connected the ground of 2 prerequisites: proviso hazard and economical importance.

• Under the mission, an further Rs 5,600 crore is allocated to the NMET to concern hazard sum for overseas sourcing and to enactment exploration activities extracurricular India.

• The mines ministry seeks to amend the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act to alteration the NMET to money the projected activities of the mission.

• Announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman successful past year’s Union Budget, the ngo aims to fortify India’s captious minerals worth concatenation by gathering a technological, regulatory, and fiscal ecosystem to guarantee mineral availability from some home and overseas sources.

• The ngo is acceptable to boost entree to earthy materials utilized crossed strategical sectors, from cleanable vigor and electronics to defence and agriculture.

• NCMM volition person Rs 1,000 crore from the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) and different R&D schemes, and Rs 2,600 crore successful budgetary support.

• In a gathering with officials from the Department of Economic Affairs successful November, the mines ministry had projected outer backing for the NCMM done the World Bank’s Resilient and Inclusive Supply-Chain Enhancement (RISE) initiative.

• As of February 2024, lone $50 cardinal person been pledged arsenic archetypal contributions to the RISE initiative, with Japan contributing $25 cardinal and the remaining from different countries, including Canada, Germany, Italy, the Republic of Korea, and the UK.

Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:

📍Govt approves Rs 16,300-cr National Critical Minerals Mission

UPSC Previous Year Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
8. With notation to the absorption of insignificant minerals successful India, see the pursuing statements: (2019)
1. Sand is simply a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing instrumentality successful the country
2. State Governments person the powerfulness to assistance mining leases of insignificant minerals, but the powers regarding the enactment of rules related to the assistance of insignificant minerals prevarication with the Central Government.
3. State Governments person the powerfulness to framework rules to forestall amerciable mining of insignificant minerals.
Which of the statements fixed supra is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

9. What is/are the purpose/purposes of ‘District Mineral Foundations’ successful India? (2016)
1. Promoting mineral exploration activities successful mineral-rich districts
2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations
3. Authorizing State Governments to contented licenses for mineral exploration
Select the close reply utilizing the codification fixed below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

PRELIMS ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4.(c) 5.(c) 6.(d) 7.(c) 8.(a) 9.(b)

For immoderate queries and feedback, interaction priya.shukla@indianexpress.com
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