UPSC Essentials | Mains answer practice — GS 2 : Questions on India and Indonesia relations and urban local bodies (Week 80)

QUESTION 2

India and Indonesia stock a affluent past of taste and commercialized interactions spanning implicit 2 millennia. Discuss the caller developments betwixt the 2 countries.

General points connected the operation of the answers

Introduction

— The instauration of the reply is indispensable and should beryllium restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a modular introduction.

— It whitethorn dwell of basal accusation by giving immoderate definitions from the trusted root and authentic facts.

Body

— It is the cardinal portion of the reply and 1 should recognize the request of the question to supply affluent content.

— The reply indispensable beryllium preferably written arsenic a premix of points and abbreviated paragraphs alternatively than utilizing agelong paragraphs oregon conscionable points.

— Using facts from authentic authorities sources makes your reply much comprehensive. Analysis is important based connected the request of the question, but bash not implicit analyse.

QUESTION 1: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has highlighted the important challenges faced by municipality section bodies (ULBs). Suggest measures to code these issues and guarantee amended governance successful municipality areas.

Note: This is not a exemplary answer. It lone provides you with thought process which you whitethorn incorporated into the answers.

Introduction:

— Local bodies are institutions of section self-government that oversee the medication of a circumstantial country oregon tiny community, specified arsenic a village, town, oregon city.

— Local bodies successful India are broadly divided into 2 groups. Local bodies formed for section planning, development, and medication successful agrarian areas are known arsenic Rural Local Bodies (Panchayats), portion those formed for section planning, development, and medication successful municipality areas are known arsenic Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities).

— Local authorities is simply a authorities taxable nether the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Article 243 G of the Indian Constitution enshrines the cardinal thought of devolution of authorization to section bodies.

Body:

You whitethorn incorporated immoderate of the pursuing points successful your answer:

— Concerned astir the wellness of municipality section bodies, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) discovered that metropolis self-governments successful 18 states serving 241 cardinal residents look a 42% resource-to-expenditure gap, with lone 29% of expenditure going towards programmatic and improvement work.

— The CAG determined that 31 years aft the 74th Constitutional Amendment, which empowered municipality section governments, went into unit successful 1993, these 18 states person yet to wholly execute the proviso successful spirit.

— The CAG has produced a compendium of audit reports connected the 74th Amendment’s implementation successful 18 states. It included 393 municipality section self-governments (ULSGs) from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, and Uttarakhand.

— The CAG discovered that connected average, municipality bodies generated 32% of their ain money, with the remainder coming from the Union and authorities governments. The municipality municipalities were capable to cod 56% of their spot taxation demand.

— Only 29% of the contiguous expenditure of municipality section authorities was allocated to thematic and improvement efforts. There was an mean vacancy of 37% against the sanctioned unit strength. On the different hand, municipality bodies successful 16 states had small oregon nary power implicit recruiting.

Conclusion:

— The 74th Amendment mandated that states delegate 18 tasks to municipality section governments, including municipality planning, onshore usage and gathering regulation, h2o supply, economical and societal improvement planning, and nationalist health. The CAG discovered that, connected average, 17 of the 18 duties had been devolved. Nine states—Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, and Tripura—had devolved each 18 duties.

— The CAG stated that the states had failed to comply with the “in-spirit reading” of the 74th amendment. Only 4 of the functions delegated to municipality section bodies person “complete autonomy”. The CAG advised that states see municipality section authorities successful important functions specified arsenic planning.

(Source: What is ailing municipality section bodies successful 18 states: CAG flags 42% resource-expenditure gap, 37% unit vacancy)

Points to Ponder

What is the devolution of powers?

74th Constitutional Amendment Act successful 1992

Part IX-A of the Indian constitution

Financial resources of municipality section bodies

Related Previous Year Questions

‘‘The states successful India look reluctant to empower municipality section bodies some functionally arsenic good arsenic financially.’’ Comment. (2023)

Assess the value of the Panchayat strategy successful India arsenic a portion of section government. Apart from authorities grants, what sources tin the Panchayats look retired for financing improvement projects? (2018)

QUESTION 2: India and Indonesia stock a affluent past of taste and commercialized interactions spanning implicit 2 millennia. Discuss the caller developments betwixt the 2 countries.

Note: This is not a exemplary answer. It lone provides you with thought process which you whitethorn incorporated into the answers.

Introduction:

— India and Indonesia person had 2 millennia of adjacent taste and commercialized ties. The Hindu, Buddhist, and yet Muslim faiths travelled to Indonesia from India’s coasts. Indonesian people creation and theatre are based connected stories from the classical epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.

— The shared culture, assemblage history, and post-independence ideals of governmental sovereignty, economical self-sufficiency, and autonomous overseas argumentation each lend to the unification of bilateral ties.

— Formal diplomatic ties betwixt the 2 countries were established successful 1951. India and Indonesia person a vibrant and diversified relationship, marked by important strategical and economical collaboration.

Body:

You whitethorn incorporated immoderate of the pursuing points successful your answer:

Recent developments

— Bilateral processes, unneurotic with India’s accrued engagement with ASEAN, of which Indonesia is simply a cardinal member, person boosted India’s economical ties with Indonesia. Bilateral commercialized betwixt India and Indonesia was little than US$3 cardinal successful 2000, rising to US$ 14.2 cardinal successful 2010 and past to USD 38.85 cardinal successful 2022-23.

— The Global Maritime Fulcrum programme demonstrates Indonesia’s strategical extremity of utilizing its maritime geography for economical development, security, and geopolitical influence.

— The East Asian economical model, interior obstacles, economical collapse, nutrient information issues, and determination complexity specified arsenic the East Timor question person each had a important interaction connected Indonesia’s destiny.

— Indonesia’s mineral-rich system is among the world’s large exporters of thermal coal, rubber, thenar oil, nickel (essential for EV batteries), and tin, arsenic good arsenic a important exporter of earthy gas. This makes it a earthy complement to India’s increasing manufacturing industry. There are opportunities for stronger collaboration betwixt Indian work providers and Indonesian businesses to assistance them alteration their costs.

— In 2020, India and Indonesia discussed however to woody with the wellness and economical issues faced by the COVID-19 pandemic, including guaranteeing an uninterrupted proviso of aesculapian and pharmaceutical items.

Conclusion:

— The shifting geopolitics, clime change, and integer modulation contiguous galore difficulties, making it captious for India and Indonesia to make bilateral collaboration. Food security, seamless cross-border connectivity, clime alteration mitigation, inclusive integer transition, and resilient infrastructure improvement are conscionable a fewer of the important difficulties that Global South countries specified arsenic India and Indonesia face.

— There is tremendous accidental for collaborative efforts successful infrastructure development, renewable energy, and integer innovation.

(Source: With Indonesia, India’s accidental and Beijing’s eye, http://www.cgimedan.gov.in, http://www.ris.org.in)

Points to Ponder

Bilateral commercialized betwixt India and Indonesia

How tin India antagonistic Indonesia-China developments?

Related Previous Year Questions

‘India is an age-old person of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s relation successful the caller situation successful Sri Lanka successful the airy of the preceding statement. (2022)

Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic value of the Maldives for India with a absorption connected planetary commercialized and vigor flows. Further, sermon however this narration affects India’s maritime information and determination stableness amidst planetary competition. (2024)

Previous Mains Answer Practice

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 1 (Week 79)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 1 (Week 78)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 2 (Week 78)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 2 (Week 79)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 3 (Week 80)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 3 (Week 79)

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