2 hours ago
1
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: GS-III: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects successful mundane life
What’s the ongoing story: It has been 94 years since an Indian won a Nobel Prize successful the sciences — Physics, Chemistry oregon Medicine — portion moving successful India. CV Raman’s Nobel Prize successful Physics successful 1930 remains the lone specified honour.
Key Points to Ponder:
— How Nobel prizes are awarded?
— Who are the winners of the Nobel Prize 2024?
— What is the presumption of probe backing successful India?
Key highlights from the Article:
— Three much Indian-origin scientists person won — Hargovind Khorana successful Medicine successful 1968, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar successful Physics successful 1983, and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan successful Chemistry 2009 — but they did their enactment extracurricular India and were not Indian citizens erstwhile they were honoured.
— Inadequate attraction connected basal research, debased levels of nationalist funding, excessive bureaucracy, deficiency of incentives and opportunities for backstage research, and decay of probe capabilities successful universities are cited arsenic immoderate of the reasons suffocating India’s technological potential.
— Few institutions are engaged successful cutting borderline research, and the fig of researchers arsenic a proportionality of colonisation is 5 times little than the planetary average. The excavation from which a imaginable Nobel victor tin emerge, thus, is rather small.
— It is not that determination haven’t been different contenders for a subject Nobel from India. Several scientists person so been nominated for these prizes. And astatine slightest a fewer others produced ground-breaking subject but were ne'er nominated.
— Not anyone tin get nominated for a Nobel Prize. Every year, a prime radical of hundreds to thousands of radical — assemblage professors, scientists, past Nobel laureates, and others — are invited to nominate imaginable candidates. A information for a Prize, therefore, means that the nominated idiosyncratic has produced Nobel-worthy enactment astatine slightest successful the eyes of immoderate respected peers.
— Names of nominated candidates are not made nationalist until astatine slightest 50 years later. And adjacent this information is updated lone periodically, not regularly. The nominations for Physics and Chemistry Prizes are disposable till 1970 portion those for Medicine person been revealed lone till 1953.
— A notable omission is Jagadish Chandra Bose, the archetypal idiosyncratic to person demonstrated wireless communication, mode backmost successful 1895. The 1909 Nobel Prize successful Physics to Guglielmo Marconi and Ferdinand Braun was successful designation of the nonstop enactment that Bose had accomplished earlier than either of them. Bose, who did immensely influential enactment successful works physiology arsenic well, was ne'er adjacent nominated for the award.
— While determination person been occasional complaints of determination oregon radical bias, determination is nary denying the information that the probe ecosystem successful the United States oregon Europe has remained unmatched.
— China, which has been investing heavy successful creating an ecosystem peculiarly focused connected probe successful caller technologies, similar cleanable energy, quantum and artificial intelligence, mightiness spot its fortunes turning soon.
— India, meanwhile, is lagging mode down countries similar China, South Korea oregon Israel successful gathering technological capabilities oregon allocating resources for research. In the lack of a beardown ecosystem and enactment for technological research, India’s chances of winning much Nobel Prizes successful subject would stay babelike connected the idiosyncratic brilliance of its scientists.
For Your Information:
— On July 23, 2024, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s announcement of operationalising the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), a determination that was 5 years successful the making since its archetypal mention, was a pivotal infinitesimal for India’s probe ecosystem.
— Established nether the ANRF Act, 2023, the instauration aims to fund, coordinate, and beforehand probe crossed India’s universities and colleges, which person agelong suffered from a deficiency of infrastructure, peculiarly successful state-run institutions. This inaugural is simply a important measurement successful pushing India towards becoming a knowledge-driven society, pursuing the exemplary of probe powerhouses similar the US, Germany, South Korea, and Israel.
— One of the superior goals of ANRF is to code the infrastructure spread successful authorities and cardinal universities, wherever 95 per cent of students are enrolled but probe capabilities are often non-existent.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍 The Anusandhan National Research Foundation aims to marque India a knowledge-driven economy
📍 Nobel Prize successful Medicine 2024, Nobel Prize successful Chemistry and Physics 2024
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
📍Nobel Prize-winning idiosyncratic James D. Watson is known for his enactment successful which area? (UPSC CSE 2008)
(a) Metallurgy
(b) Meteorology
(c) Environmental protection
(d) Genetics
Lady Justice: Roots successful past Greece, not ever blindfolded
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: GS-I: Modern Indian past from astir the mediate of the eighteenth period until the contiguous –significant events, personalities, issues.
What’s the ongoing story: The Supreme Court has unveiled a caller statue of “Lady Justice”, reimagining the representation — typically a blindfolded pistillate holding a acceptable of scales successful 1 manus and a sword successful the different — that is synonymous with ineligible signifier astir the world.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What is the value of the caller statue of Lady Justice?
— What was the relation of the British Empire successful establishing the justness strategy successful India?
— How is the authorities trying to shed the vestiges of the Colonial Past?
Key highlights from the Article:
— The new, six-foot-tall statue successful the judges’ room is of a saree-clad pistillate with nary blindfold, holding scales and, alternatively of the sword, a transcript of the Constitution of India.
— The blindfold successful the classical rendition has been popularly understood to correspond the impartiality of justice, whereas the caller statue with unimpeded imaginativeness is meant to signify that “Law is not blind; it sees everyone equally,” Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud, who commissioned the statue, said.
— The caller instrumentality connected the statue, which has been designed by Vinod Goswami, a muralist who teaches astatine the College of Art successful Delhi, comes successful the aftermath of ineligible reforms specified arsenic the caller transgression codes, and the stated purpose of “decolonising” the ineligible model successful India.
— The imagery of Lady Justice tin beryllium traced backmost to Greek and Roman mythology.
— Themis, 1 of the 12 Titans calved to Gaea and Uranus according to works of the Greek writer Hesiod who lived circa 700 BCE, is known arsenic the goddess of justice, wisdom, and bully counsel — and is often depicted arsenic a pistillate holding scales successful 1 manus and a sword successful the other.
— Legal student Desmond Manderson of the College of Law, Australian National University, wrote successful a 2020 insubstantial that the “first known representation to amusement a blindfolded justness comes from a woodcut…published successful Ship of Fools, a postulation of satirical poems by fifteenth period lawyer Sebastian Brant”.
— By the aboriginal 17th century, Manderson wrote, the representation had “lost its satirical connotations”, and had travel to beryllium equated with the precise conception of justice.
— Along with the communal instrumentality ineligible strategy that continues to service arsenic the ground for however India’s judiciary functions, the British Raj besides introduced the iconography of Lady Justice. This representation inactive survives successful courthouses astir the country.
— At the Calcutta High Court — archetypal constructed successful 1872 — images of Lady Justice were carved into the pillars supporting the building. The depictions amusement Lady Justice blindfolded successful immoderate cases, and with her eyes unfastened successful others.
— The caller statue astatine the Supreme Court is precise akin to different portion of creation featured connected the premises. A mural adjacent to the judges’ entranceway shows Mahatma Gandhi and Lady Justice connected either broadside of a chakra; Lady Justice successful this depiction is wearing a saree, and holding scales and a publication alternatively of a sword.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍What changes the Armed Forces are considering to shed assemblage influences, and why
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
📍Consider the pursuing statements:
1. The caller statue of Justice is simply a saree-clad pistillate with nary blindfold, holding scales successful 1 manus and a sword successful another.
2. The imagery of Lady Justice tin beryllium traced backmost to Greek and Roman mythology.
Which of the pursuing statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
FRONT
RBI Governor: Rate chopped astatine this signifier volition beryllium precise premature, precise risky
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc
Mains Examination: GS-III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation, of resources, growth, improvement and employment
What’s the ongoing story: At a clip erstwhile user price-based inflation (CPI) is expected to stay supra 5 per cent, and maturation holding on, a chopped successful the involvement complaint would beryllium “premature, and precise risky”, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Shaktikanta Das said Friday.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)?
— How is ostentation measured successful India?
— What is the repo rate?
— What is the Monetary Policy Committee?
— What are the antithetic monetary argumentation stances of RBI?
(Expansionary monetary policy, Contractionary monetary policy, Inflation targetting, and more.)
Key highlights from the Article:
— Retail inflation, which surged to a nine-month precocious of 5.49 per cent successful September from 3.65 per cent successful August, is expected to stay elevated successful October earlier moderating successful November.
— He was responding to an reflection that critics were of the presumption that the RBI’s alteration successful monetary argumentation stance to neutral and keeping the repo rate unchanged successful October was a motion of the state moving the hazard of being down the curve.
— Earlier this month, the RBI’s recently reconstituted MPC near the repo complaint — the cardinal argumentation complaint – dependable astatine 6.5 per cent for 20 consecutive months arsenic ostentation continued to stay a sore point. The six-member MPC, however, changed the monetary argumentation stance to ‘neutral’, aft keeping it arsenic ‘withdrawal of accommodation’ for 28 consecutive months.
For Your Information:
— The MPC fixes the benchmark involvement complaint — oregon the basal oregon notation complaint that is utilized to acceptable different involvement rates — successful India. The superior nonsubjective of the RBI’s monetary argumentation is to support terms stableness portion keeping successful caput the nonsubjective of growth. Price stableness is simply a indispensable precondition to sustainable growth.
— Under Section 45ZB of the amended RBI Act, 1934, the cardinal authorities is empowered to represent a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to find the argumentation involvement complaint required to execute the ostentation target. The archetypal specified MPC was constituted connected September 29, 2016.
— Section 45ZB says the MPC shall dwell of the RBI Governor arsenic its ex officio chairperson, the Deputy Governor successful complaint of monetary policy, an serviceman of the Bank to beryllium nominated by the Central Board, and 3 persons to beryllium appointed by the cardinal government.
— Under the flexible ostentation targeting regime, the RBI has to support CPI successful the 2-6 per cent range. It has been targeting to bring ostentation down to 4 per cent connected a durable basis.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Centre reconstitutes Monetary Policy Committee up of RBI complaint review
📍Why going backmost connected ostentation targeting could erode credibility of RBI
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
📍In India, which 1 of the pursuing is liable for maintaining terms stableness by controlling inflation? (UPSC CSE 2022)
(a) Department of Consumer Affairs
(b) Expenditure Management Commission
(c) Financial Stability and Development Council
(d) Reserve Bank of India
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍Do you hold with the presumption that dependable GDP maturation and debased ostentation person near the Indian system successful bully shape? Give reasons successful enactment of your arguments. (UPSC CSE 2019)
EXPRESS NETWORK
SC recalls verdict declaring benami instrumentality provisions unconstitutional
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues
Mains Examination: GS-II: Structure, organisation and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary
What’s the ongoing communicative : Allowing a petition filed by the Center, the Supreme Court Friday recalled its August 23, 2022, bid declaring definite provisions of the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988, arsenic unconstitutional.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What are benami properties?
— What are the laws against benami properties?
— What is the Prevention of Money Laundering Act?
— What is the quality betwixt prospective statute and retroactive statute?
Key highlights from the Article:
— The SC besides restored the civilian entreaty for caller adjudication earlier a seat to beryllium nominated by the CJI connected the administrative side. It besides allowed each those aggrieved by the exertion of the 2022 judgement successful their cases to question reappraisal of the respective orders.
— The verdict successful 2022 held arsenic unconstitutional Section 3(2) of the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988, that prescribed a jailhouse word for entering into benami transactions.
— The bid besides held that the Act, which was amended successful 2016, tin lone beryllium applied prospectively and quashed each prosecutions oregon confiscation proceedings earlier the amended Act came into force.
— The seat besides expressed interest connected definite findings successful the apical court’s judgement upholding the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 allowing authorities to instrumentality possession of spot earlier proceedings successful exceptional cases saying it leaves the scope for arbitrary application.
For Your Information:
— Benami successful Hindi means without name. So, a spot bought by an idiosyncratic not nether his oregon her sanction is benami property. It tin see spot held successful the sanction of spouse oregon kid for which the magnitude is paid retired of known sources of income.
— A associated spot with brother, sister oregon different relatives for which the magnitude is paid retired of known sources of income besides falls nether benami property. The transaction progressive successful the aforesaid is called benami transaction.
— As a accustomed practice, to evade taxation, radical put their achromatic wealth successful buying benami property. The existent proprietor of these properties are hard to hint owed to fake names and identities. The idiosyncratic connected whose sanction the spot is purhcased is called benamdar.
— The archetypal enactment against benami properties was passed successful 1988 arsenic the Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988. To curb achromatic money, the Modi authorities successful July 2016 decided to amend the archetypal act. So aft further amendment, Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016 came into unit connected November 1, 2016.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍What are benami properties? All you request to know
📍SC strikes down proviso of jailhouse word successful 1988 benami law
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
📍With notation to the ‘Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act)’, see the pursuing statements: (UPSC CSE 2017)
1. A spot transaction is not treated arsenic a benami transaction if the proprietor of the spot is not alert of the transaction.
2. Properties held benami are liable for confiscation by the Government.
3. The Act provides for 3 authorities for investigations but does not supply for immoderate appellate mechanism.
Which of the statements fixed supra is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Violates choice: SC asks Parliament to see prohibition connected kid betrothals
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues
Mains Examination: GS-I, II: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India, and Government policies and interventions for improvement successful assorted sectors and issues arising retired of their plan and implementation.
What’s the ongoing story: Stating that marriages fixed successful the number of a kid person the effect of violating their “free choice” and “childhood”, the Supreme Court connected Friday asked Parliament to see banning kid betrothals by amending the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What is kid betrothals?
— What are the laws against Child matrimony successful India?
— How are kid marriages defined successful assorted idiosyncratic laws?
— What are the assorted schemes launched by the authorities for the prevention of kid marriage?
— Read astir the Impact of Child matrimony – Girl, Boy, Family structure, Society and nationalist development.
Key highlights from the Article:
— A three-judge seat presided by Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud said “international instrumentality specified arsenic the Convention connected the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) stipulates against betrothals of minors”.
— “Marriages fixed successful the number of a kid besides person the effect of violating their rights to escaped choice, autonomy, bureau and childhood. It takes distant from them their prime of spouse and beingness paths earlier they mature and signifier the quality to asseverate their agency,” said the bench, besides comprising Justices J B Pardiwala and Manoj Misra.
— While saying that the Union Government had, successful a enactment submitted aft the judgement was reserved, requested the tribunal to nonstop that PCMA prevails implicit idiosyncratic law.
— On kid marriages, the tribunal said it “adversely affected” some sexes. “Girls who are joined disconnected aboriginal are not lone denied their puerility but are besides forced into societal isolation…Boys who are joined aboriginal are forced to instrumentality up much responsibilities and are pressured to play the relation of a supplier to the family, earlier successful life,” it said.
— The tribunal noted that since the enactment of PCMA, “the prevalence of kid marriages successful India has halved… from 47% to 27% successful 2015-16 and 23.3% successful 2019-2021” but that contempt the Centre’s efforts, determination remains a spread successful implementing specific, targeted measures focused solely connected the prevention of kid marriage.
For Your Information:
— One successful 5 girls and astir 1 successful six boys are inactive joined beneath the ineligible property of matrimony successful India, a caller survey published successful the Lancet Global Health connected December 15, 2024.
— The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) people 5.3 aims to extremity kid matrimony successful girls by 2030 arsenic portion of a planetary committedness to “eliminate each harmful practices, specified arsenic child, aboriginal and forced matrimony and pistillate genital mutilation”.
— For girls, the yearly complaint of simplification successful the prevalence of kid matrimony indispensable summation from 1.9 per cent to 23 per cent globally to conscionable the SDG target.
— The all-India prevalence of kid matrimony successful girls declined from 49.4 per cent successful 1993 to 22.3 per cent successful 2021 portion that among the boys declined from 7.1 per cent successful 2006 to 2.2 per cent successful 2021.
— Child matrimony was defined arsenic matrimony successful individuals younger than 18 years for men and women. They calculated the yearly alteration successful prevalence during the survey play for states and Union Territories and estimated the colonisation headcount of kid brides and grooms.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍One successful 5 girls successful India inactive joined beneath ineligible age, finds caller study
📍Law connected prevention of kid marriages can’t beryllium stunted by idiosyncratic laws: SC
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and propulsion airy connected the presumption of its implementation. (UPSC CSE 2016)
EDITORIAL PAGE
In unsafe territory
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance
Mains Examination: GS-II: Bilateral, determination and planetary groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests, and Effect of policies and authorities of developed and processing countries connected India’s interests Indian diaspora.
What’s the ongoing story: Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes: The United States has present charged Vikash Yadav, idiosyncratic they assertion was an Indian quality officer, of trying to orchestrate assassination connected US soil. This comes connected the heels of Canada accusing India of assassination connected its soil, successful what is turning retired to beryllium a nasty diplomatic spat.
Key Points to Ponder:
— Who are the Five Eyes countries?
— What is the Khalistan movement?
— What is the presumption of the India-Canada relationship?
— What are the parliamentary committees?
— What are the roles and functions of IB and R&AW?
Key highlights from the Article:
— “One should not prejudge the ineligible people these accusations volition take. Canada has a shocking past of ignoring the unit done by Khalistanis. Trudeau is easy 1 of the astir bumbling statesmen connected the satellite stage.”
— “The Indian obsession with Canada is avoiding the large elephant successful the room. It is successful the US that the archetypal indictment has been served. It is the US that successful each likelihood tipped disconnected Canada. All the Five Eyes countries person expressed their enactment to Canada.”
— “But the complaint of assassination of citizens of affable democracies, if true, volition beryllium seen arsenic crossing a caller Rubicon. Such charges spot superior questions connected the judgement and competence of Indian quality agencies.”
— “If these charges are true, would anyone extracurricular India present repose adjacent a minimum level of spot successful Indian officials of immoderate stripe? The pall of suspicion implicit them volition increase. And finally, India has been enactment successful the class that mightiness beryllium utilized to picture rogue states.”
— “But determination are much superior questions for Indian democracy. This occurrence should beryllium a reminder, arsenic Saikat Datta’s good researched papers person been arguing, that Indian quality agencies are not governed by a due model of accountability. They are gazette creations with nary parliamentary instrumentality governing them. In immoderate of the 3 scenarios successful this situation, quality agencies request to beryllium held accountable.”
— “How could this happen? Is determination thing to the aged interest quality analysts person truthful often expressed astir the IB and R&AW. They trust truthful overmuch connected the civilization of IPS and interior policing, which, to enactment it mildly, does not person the professionalism oregon subject that quality requires.”
— “Forget the West for a minute. Forget the fewer fossilised Khalistanis near successful Canada oregon Trudeau’s motives. It is successful the involvement of our ain information that we request to cognize what precisely is going connected here… But to substitute bombast for hard organization questions of our agencies would beryllium thing adjacent to an anti-national act.”
For Your Information:
— The commercialized and concern linkages betwixt India and Canada signifier an integral constituent of the multi-faceted concern betwixt the 2 countries. In this context, the escalating hostility betwixt India and Canada has raised concerns astir its imaginable interaction connected bilateral economical relations.
— In 2022, India was Canada’s ninth-largest merchandise trading spouse successful the Indo-Pacific region, the 13th-largest merchandise trading spouse globally and the 14th-largest destination for merchandise exports.
— The diplomatic standoff besides has geopolitical implications for India. If the allegations are proven true, India stands to harm its G20 reputation. The diplomatic situation besides extends to countries that stock ties with some India and Canada.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍UPSC Issue astatine a Glance | India-Canada Diplomatic Row
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
📍Consider the pursuing countries:
1. United States
2. Australia
3. Canada
4. India
5. United Kingdom
How galore of the supra countries are portion of the Five Eyes Alliance?
(a) Only two
(b) Only three
(c) Only four
(d) All five
ECONOMY
India plans to augment shipping fleet, boost manufacturing of containers
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
Mains Examination: GS-III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation, of resources, growth, improvement and employment
What’s the ongoing story: As planetary shipping rates doubled successful September this twelvemonth amid the ongoing struggle successful the Middle East, the Centre is taking measures to mitigate losses by boosting the size of the Indian instrumentality manufacturing capableness and augmenting the home shipping fleet, authorities officials said.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What are the caller areas of struggle successful the Middle East?
— What is the interaction of ongoing warfare successful the Middle East connected the Supply chain?
— How has warfare economically impacted India?
— Map work: Location of countries successful the Middle East
Key highlights from the Article:
— The widening of the struggle with Iran’s nonstop engagement could interaction Indian exports, particularly low-margin, high-volume products specified arsenic textiles, different authoritative said.
— The World Bank’s commercialized ticker report, released earlier this week, stated that planetary proviso concatenation accent remained elevated done September 2024, amid disruptions successful West Asia, the Mediterranean, and Asia, arsenic shipping rates stayed “more than doubly arsenic high” arsenic a twelvemonth ago.
— The World Bank’s Global Supply Chain Stress Index, which tracks delayed shipping capacity, jumped to 1.4 cardinal twenty-foot equivalent portion (TEUs) successful September 2024, up 72 per cent from October 2023, erstwhile Hamas’s onslaught connected Israel ignited renewed struggle successful West Asia.
— “The Israel-Hamas struggle was isolated to an extent, but the widening struggle with Iran’s nonstop engagement could interaction Indian exports, particularly for low-margin, high-volume products specified arsenic textiles. Indian exports person astir wholly moved to the Cape of Good Hope route,” different authoritative said.
— Since the Red Sea situation began, Indian exporters person been asking the authorities to propulsion for processing an Indian shipping enactment of planetary repute.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Prelims Question Covering akin theme:
📍Consider the pursuing pairs: (UPSC CSE 2019)
| Sea | : | Bordering country | |
| 1. | Adriatic Sea | : | Albania |
| 2. | Black Sea | : | Croatia |
| 3. | Caspian Sea | : | Kazakhstan |
| 4. | Mediterranean Sea | : | Morocco |
| 5. | Red Sea | : | Syria |
Which of the pairs fixed supra are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and enactment updated with the quality cues from the past week.
Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and travel america on Instagram and X.
.png "indianexpress.")
.png "khaleejtimes")
.png "arabnews")
.png "gulfnews"){kind=logo}
English (US) · 
Hindi (IN) ·