UPSC Essentials | Mains answer practice — GS 1 : Questions on Chhatrapati Shivaji and India’s transition to a green energy (Week 77)

QUESTION 2

India’s modulation to a greenish system is simply a important measurement successful addressing clime alteration and ensuring sustainable development. Discuss the challenges India faces successful implementing this transition.

General points connected the operation of the answers

Introduction

— The instauration of the reply is indispensable and should beryllium restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a modular introduction.

— It whitethorn dwell of basal accusation by giving immoderate definitions from the trusted root and authentic facts.

Body

— It is the cardinal portion of the reply and 1 should recognize the request of the question to supply affluent content.

— The reply indispensable beryllium preferably written arsenic a premix of points and abbreviated paragraphs alternatively than utilizing agelong paragraphs oregon conscionable points.

— Using facts from authentic authorities sources makes your reply much comprehensive. Analysis is important based connected the request of the question, but bash not implicit analyse.

QUESTION 1: The Maratha individuality is profoundly intertwined with the bequest of Chhatrapati Shivaji, whose power spans centuries and regions. Analyse the relation of Shivaji successful shaping the Maratha identity.

Note: This is not a exemplary answer. It lone provides you with thought process which you whitethorn incorporated into the answers.

Introduction:

— Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, known arsenic the ‘father of the Maratha nation,’ upheld and promoted the ideals of idiosyncratic integrity, spiritual tolerance, patriotism, and nationalist welfare.

— Shivaji’s subject tactics were 1 facet of his expansive plan, but his administrative abilities earned him the estimation of civilian ruler.

— Shivaji was a fashionable emperor who intimately monitored his state’s administrative operations. All powerfulness was concentrated connected him, though helium ruled based connected the recommendations of his ministers.

— Shivaji revitalised accepted Indian governance, arsenic evidenced by the instauration of the Astapradhan, a Council of Eight Ministers. Each curate was assigned responsibilities arsenic the caput of their respective departments.

Body:

You whitethorn incorporated immoderate of the pursuing points successful your answer:

Role of Shivaji successful shaping the Maratha identity

— The Marathas belonged to a assortment of castes, the bulk of which were astatine the bottommost of the caste hierarchy. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, the Marathas held important subject and administrative posts successful galore kingdoms.

— While the Marathas’ imperial dreams had taken basal nether Shahaji, they were achieved during Shivaji. Shivaji archetypal attacked Bijapur’s regularisation successful 1647, erstwhile helium took Torna’s fort.

— Shivaji besides targeted competing Maratha families successful the region. Shivaji stretched his conquests to the southbound opening successful the mid-1650s. By the clip helium was anointed king, helium had successfully carved retired a kingdom for himself from the peripheral Sultanate of the Bijapur monarchs.

— Maratha families who obtained rights and privileges from Sultanate rulers, specified arsenic the Sawants of Sawantwadi, the Ghodpades of Mudhol, and the Nimbalkars of Phaltan, among others, provided a important absorption to Shivaji’s expansionist vision. Throughout his life, helium dealt with them successful a assortment of ways, including forging matrimony partnerships and utilizing unit to subdue them.

— Chhatrapati Shivaji is the unifying thread that connects the Marathas. The Peshwas and different Maratha dynasties worked tirelessly to realise Chhatrapati Shivaji’s objectives. They were moving connected a taste renaissance to reconstruct indigenous values.

— He planned and built civilian institutions successful bid to attain the nonsubjective of Hindavi Swarajya (“self-rule of the Hindu people” and “independence from overseas rule”). The occurrence of the run to asseverate nationalist independency from Mughal power and physique an autarkic authorities based connected the conception of Dharma is chiefly owed to the civilian and administrative institutions established by Shivaji.

— His administrative strategy is unsocial and divers successful examination to the authorities systems that were wide successful India astatine the time. He is regarded arsenic the top statesman of the mediaeval clip owed to the administrative systems helium established successful pursuit of Swarajya.

Conclusion:

— Only aft Aurangzeb’s decease successful 1707 did Chhatrapati Shivaji’s grandson Shahu, led by Peshwa Baji Rao I, reconstruct Maratha dominance.

— The Bhonsles, Scindias, Gaekwads, and Holkars stood retired among these chiefs. The Bhonsles were established successful Nagpur, portion the Scindias took power of Gwalior. The Holkars and Gaekwads ruled Indore and Baroda.

— When determination was fragmentation, the assorted branches of the ‘Maratha Confederacy’ banded unneurotic connected a fewer occasions to combat a communal adversary. For example, astatine the Third Battle of Panipat successful 1761, each of the Maratha states deployed armies to face the Durrani Empire’s invading army. The autumn of the Marathas successful Panipat, followed by recurrent confrontations with the British, severely weakened the confederacy, yet starring to its extinction successful the aboriginal nineteenth century.

(Source: How Chhatrapati Shivaji binds the divers past of the Marathas by Adrija Roychowdhury, cbc.gov.in)

Points to Ponder

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his Public Administration

Read astir Mughal Empire nether Aurangzeb

Read astir forts of Maharashtra

Related Previous Year Question

The 3rd conflict of Panipat was fought successful 1761. Why were truthful galore empire-shaking battles fought astatine Panipat? (2014)

QUESTION 2: India’s modulation to a greenish system is simply a important measurement successful addressing clime alteration and ensuring sustainable development. Discuss the challenges India faces successful implementing this transition.

Note: This is not a exemplary answer. It lone provides you with thought process which you whitethorn incorporated into the answers.

Introduction:

— India’s energy request volition astir treble by the extremity of this decade, peaking astatine astir 370 GW successful 2031-32. That means that each fewer years, we volition necessitate inflection points successful however vigor investments are channelled, infrastructure is constructed, and caller concern models emerge.

— This is simply a pivotal decennary successful India’s vigor revolution. The way guardant is much than conscionable switching from 1 vigor root to another; it is simply a paradigm displacement and an accidental to reimagine our narration with energy, commerce, and the environment.

Body:

You whitethorn incorporated immoderate of the pursuing points successful your answer:

— There is simply a request to way metrics that facilitate and alteration these inflexion points successful a warming world. These shifts are important to trigger change.

(i) Shift from centralised to decentralised vigor systems: Distributed renewable vigor (DRE) sources tin play an important relation successful the improvement of large-scale vigor systems. India has already demonstrated ambition with its rooftop star initiative, which aims to solarise 10 cardinal residences, perchance adding 30 GW of cleanable power. However, the outgo of rooftop star is prohibitively costly for the bulk of lower-income users who usage little electricity. According to a probe by the Council connected Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW), implicit 30% of the country’s rooftop star imaginable is successful the 0-1 kW category, which remains costly for galore adjacent with subsidies.

(ii) Shift the communicative from superior expenditure (capex) to operational expenditure (opex): For the cleanable vigor transition, we indispensable statesman to see pricing vigor much efficaciously utilizing an opex model. For example, each user is not required to acquisition a star panel. The inferior tin acceptable it up for a assemblage astatine a outgo and complaint a pay-as-you-go rate. We whitethorn utilise comparable opex models to present vigor ratio arsenic a service, found distributed renewables, alteration territory cooling alternatively than idiosyncratic AC purchases, and beforehand sustainable mobility (paying for cleanable proscription services per km alternatively than the superior outgo of an electrical bus).

(iii) Shift from short-term fiscal hazard to climate-resilient cleanable vigor and concern investments: Investing successful emerging markets is comparatively riskier, but this is owed much to perceived risks than existent ones. We cannot disregard the shocks we are already experiencing astatine 1.4 degrees of warming. According to a CEEW analysis, implicit 80% of India’s colonisation present lives successful climate-vulnerable districts. Investing successful making our vigor systems much resilient and climate-proof is apt the slightest hazardous attack erstwhile compared to the macroeconomic effects of clime change.

(iv) Decarbonisation and digitalisation revolutions by shifting absorption from hardware to software: India is experiencing 2 accelerated revolutions: it present has implicit 820 cardinal progressive net users, with much than fractional coming from agrarian regions, and it is decarbonising its energy infrastructure astatine the aforesaid time. For example, the deployment of millions of prepaid astute metres improves vigor networks’ resilience and interoperability with renewables.

(v) Shift from a linear to a circular economy: According to a caller CEEW research, cumulative discarded from India’s contiguous and caller star vigor capableness mightiness full 600 kilotonnes by 2030, which is comparable to filling 720 Olympic-size swimming pools. The absorption of this discarded and the betterment of minerals specified arsenic silicon, tellurium, and cadmium is some an biology and strategical need.

Conclusion:

— NITI Aayog, successful conjunction with the Ministries of Power and New and Renewable Energy, has established the ASSET level (Accelerating Sustainable Solutions for Energy Transition). ASSET level is simply a timely inaugural to assistance governments accelerate their greenish transition.

— The information of states is captious successful accomplishing India’s nationalist goals of creating a Viksit Bharat by 2047 and reaching net-zero GHG emissions by 2070. This necessitates dependable economical improvement implicit the adjacent 2 decades. States indispensable make and instrumentality vigor modulation strategies that are accordant with wide nationalist goals.

(Source: The greenish modulation India needs by Arunabha Ghosh)

Points to Ponder

Major steps taken by the Government towards greenish energy

What is the Green Hydrogen Mission?

Related Previous Year Questions

Explain the intent of the Green Grid Initiative launched astatine the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference successful Glasgow successful November, 2021. When was this thought archetypal floated successful the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (2021)

The adoption of electrical vehicles is rapidly increasing worldwide. How bash electrical vehicles lend to reducing c emissions and what are the cardinal benefits they connection compared to accepted combustion motor vehicles? (2023)

Previous Mains Answer Practice

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 1 (Week 75)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 1 (Week 76)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 2 (Week 76)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 2 (Week 77)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 3 (Week 76)

UPSC Essentials: Mains reply signifier — GS 3 (Week 77)

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