Knowledge nugget of the day: Remembering Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose on Parakram Diwas

In 2021, the inaugural lawsuit took spot astatine Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata. In 2022, a hologram statue of Netaji was unveiled astatine India Gate, and successful 2023, 21 unnamed islands successful the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago were named aft the 21 Param Vir Chakra Awardees. In 2024, the Prime Minister had inaugurated the lawsuit astatine the historical Red Fort successful Delhi, the tract of the INA trials.

Key Takeaways:

1. Born to an upper-class Bengali household successful 1897 successful Cuttack, Subhas Chandra Bose was the ninth kid of Janakinath and Prabhavati Bose. In 1909, helium moved to Ravenshaw Collegiate School, wherever helium completed his secondary education. After school, helium entered the Presidency College successful Calcutta successful 1913, wherever helium studied philosophy.

2. Afterwards, Bose went to Cambridge University to hole for the Indian Civil Services (ICS) exam successful 1920. Later, however, determined to articulation the conflict for India’s freedom, helium abandoned the task and resigned from the ICS to articulation the Mahatma Gandhi-led nationalist movement.

3. After reaching Bombay, present Mumbai, successful 1921, helium obtained an assemblage with Gandhi to get a amended knowing of his program of action. While helium had large respect for the Mahatma, Bose near the gathering dissatisfied with the answers helium received.

Congress Session

4. In 1938, helium was elected Congress president successful the Haripura session, wherever helium tried to propulsion for swaraj arsenic a “National Demand” and opposed the thought of an Indian federation nether British rule. He stood for re-election successful 1939 and defeated Dr Pattabhi Sitaramayya, the Gandhi-backed candidate.

5. Bose tried to set up different moving committee, but aft being incapable to bash so, was forced to resign and was replaced by Rajendra Prasad. Within a week, helium projected the instauration of the “Forward Bloc” wrong the Congress Party, successful bid to bring the radical-left elements of the enactment together.

6. He was arrested successful 1940 earlier helium could motorboat a run to region the monument dedicated to the victims of the Black Hole of Calcutta, an incidental erstwhile a fig of European soldiers died portion imprisoned successful 1756. After going connected a hunger strike, helium was released from jailhouse successful December.

Mahatma Gandhi with Subhash Chandra Bose. Express photo

Gandhi and Bose

1. About the ideological disagreement betwixt the 2 leaders, historiographer Satadru Sen notes that portion “Gandhi was consenting to hold a agelong clip for Independence, Bose wanted contiguous action, if not contiguous results. Gandhi was anti-materialistic and hostile to modern technology, Bose saw technology and wide accumulation arsenic indispensable to endurance and dignity. Gandhi wanted a decentralized nine and disliked the modern state; Bose wanted a beardown cardinal authorities and saw the modern authorities arsenic the lone solution to India’s problems. And finally, Bose did not stock Gandhi’s dedication to non-violence.”

2. Despite tensions betwixt the two, Bose was good alert of the value of a person similar Gandhi. He was the archetypal to telephone him the “father of the nation” during an code from the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore successful July 1944.

The INA and Bose

1. The INA was formed connected February 17, 1942, 2 days aft the British surrendered to Japanese forces successful Singapore. It mostly comprised Indian prisoners of warfare (PoWs) captured by the Japanese during their Southeast Asia campaign.

2. Bose arrived successful Singapore successful July 1943 and took complaint of the 12,000-strong INA connected July 4.

For an enslaved people, determination tin beryllium nary greater pride, nary higher honour, than to beryllium the archetypal worker successful the service of liberation — helium told his troops the adjacent morning, and instantly rejuvenated the army.

3. He gave the telephone of “Delhi Chalo” to INA to march connected Delhi and liberate India from British rule. The INA crossed the Indo-Burma borderline and marched towards Imphal and Kohima successful March 1944. The Chalo Delhi run ended astatine Imphal.

4. By 1945, the British had launched their ain run to retake Burma, and the INA erstwhile again recovered itself successful retreat. After the atomic bombs were dropped connected Hiroshima and Nagasaki successful August 1945, the warfare came to an end.

5. Bose wanted to enactment with his troops for the surrender but was persuaded to permission by his subordinates. He died successful a level clang 3 days later.

BEYOND THE NUGGET: Theories regarding the decease and disappearance of Netaji

1. It is commonly believed that Bose died soon aft a level clang successful Taipei successful 1945. A study submitted connected July 25, 1946 by Colonel (later Sir) John Figgess, an quality serviceman investigating Bose’s death, had confirmed helium died successful a Taihoku Military Hospital connected August 18, 1945. The origin of decease was bosom nonaccomplishment resulting from aggregate burns and daze pursuing the level crash.

2. Post-Independence, the Government of India constituted as galore arsenic 3 commissions to unearth the information down Netaji’s disappearance.

He was calved connected January 23, 1897 successful Cuttack. (Designed by Gargi Singh/Express Archive)

3. In 1956, the cardinal authorities appointed a three-man committee headed by Shah Nawaz Khan, a Member of Parliament and erstwhile Lieutenant Colonel successful the Indian National Army, to probe Bose’s death. This committee besides concluded that Bose had died successful the crash.

4. Following rumours astir Bose being alive, the Central authorities successful 1970 acceptable up a caller committee headed by Justice G. D. Khosla, a retired main justness of the Punjab High Court. This committee agreed with earlier reports of Figgess and the Shah Nawaz Committee connected the main facts of Bose’s death.

5. In 1999, pursuing a tribunal order, the cardinal authorities appointed retired Supreme Court justice Manoj Kumar Mukherjee to probe the decease again. It mentioned that determination was nary beardown grounds to beryllium that Bose died successful the crash. The study was tabled successful the Parliament connected May 17, 2006, but the authorities rejected the findings.

6. In September 2015, the West Bengal government declassified 64 files connected Netaji and made them disposable to the public. The Central authorities besides started declassifying concealed files connected Netaji from January 23, 2016 onwards. Even the declassified files could not nutrient immoderate beardown grounds that Netaji was live post-1945.

(Source: Respect contempt the discord, Parakram Diwas, 5 things astir beingness and times of Subhas Chandra Bose, Explained: How ‘Gumnaami’ has resurrected theories of Subhas Chandra Bose’s death)

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