2 hours ago
1
Back successful J&K with hands tied, Omar says ballot for statehood, development
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Main Examination: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the national structure, devolution of powers and finances up to section levels and challenges therein.
What’s the ongoing story-On Tuesday, Omar secured decisive victories successful some the cardinal Kashmir constituencies — Budgam and Ganderbal — from wherever helium contested. The National Conference secured 42 of the 56 seats it contested, making it the azygous largest enactment successful this election. A cardinal origin that paid disconnected for the enactment successful this predetermination has been its positioning arsenic the premier absorption to the BJP successful J&K, which was downgraded by the BJP-led Central authorities and turned into a Union Territory from a authorities successful August 2019.
Know Basics-
• Article 370 of the Indian Constitution
• Article 35A of the Indian Constitution
• Revocation of Article 370 and reorganisation of state
• Supreme Court verdict connected abrogation connected Article 370
• The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
• Delimitation Commission for the delimitation of the national territory of Jammu and Kashmir
• Composition of Legislative Assembly of J&K
Key Points to Ponder-
• Jammu and Kashmir Elections-what you cognize truthful far?
• What made this year’s Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections special?
• “Given that this is the archetypal predetermination since 2019 erstwhile the law compact of Jammu and Kashmir was altered by the abrogation of Article 370, the caller Legislative Assembly volition beryllium substantially antithetic from earlier Assemblies”-Elaborate
• ‘The law changes of August 2019 took distant the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir — thus, the caller Assembly volition beryllium for a Union Territory (UT), not a state’-What powers volition the caller Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir have?
• The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 created 2 UTs, the UT of Ladakh without a legislature, and the UT of Jammu and Kashmir with a legislature¬-True oregon False?
• What are the powers of the J&K LG?
• What are the challenges of medication successful Jammu & Kashmir?
• What has been the Impact of Article 370 Abrogation connected Jammu & Kashmir elections?
For Your Information-
• The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 created 2 UTs — the UT of Ladakh without a legislature, and the UT of Jammu and Kashmir with a legislature. An amendment was made to the First Schedule of the Constitution, which lists each states and UTs, and to Article 3 of the Constitution, which deals with the “Formation of caller States and alteration of areas, boundaries oregon names of existing States”.
• Article 239, which deals with the medication of Union Territories, states that “every national territory shall beryllium administered by the President, acting, to specified grade arsenic helium thinks fit, though an administrator…”.
• Section 13 of the 2019 Act states that Article 239A of the Constitution (“Creation of section Legislatures oregon Council of Ministers oregon some for definite Union territories”), which provides for the medication of the UT of Puducherry, shall besides use to the UT of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The Reorganisation Act of 2019 created a vastly antithetic structure, successful which the LG has a overmuch bigger relation compared with the authorities Assembly. This tin beryllium understood from 2 cardinal provisions.
First, Section 32 of the Act, which deals with the grade of legislative powerfulness of the Assembly, states that “subject to the provisions of this Act, the Legislative Assembly whitethorn marque laws for the full oregon immoderate portion of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir with respect to immoderate of the matters enumerated successful the State List but the subjects mentioned astatine entries 1 and 2, namely “Public Order” and “Police” respectively oregon the Concurrent List successful the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India successful truthful acold arsenic immoderate specified substance is applicable successful narration to the Union territories.”
Second, adjacent for this, the 2019 Act has a cardinal rider — Section 36, which deals with peculiar provisions arsenic to fiscal Bills. This proviso states that a Bill oregon amendment “shall not beryllium introduced into, oregon moved in, the Legislative Assembly but connected the proposal of the Lieutenant Governor”, if specified Bill deals with, among different aspects, “the amendment of the instrumentality with respect to immoderate fiscal obligations undertaken oregon to beryllium undertaken by the Government of the Union territory…”.
• The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has 90 Assembly seats. The J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019 specifies that the Lieutenant-Governor of the “successor Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir whitethorn nominate 2 members to the Legislative Assembly” to springiness practice to women “if successful his opinion, women are not adequately represented successful the Legislative Assembly”.
• In an amendment to the Act successful July 2023, an summation was made to let for the information of 3 much members to the Assembly. Two members from the Kashmiri migrant community, 1 of whom is to beryllium a woman, and 1 subordinate from the “displaced persons from Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir”
Do You Know-
• The princely authorities of Jammu and Kashmir came into being successful March 1846, erstwhile the British, nether the Treaty of Amritsar aft the archetypal Anglo-Sikh War, sold Kashmir for a sum of 7.5 cardinal Nanakshahee rupees to Gulab Singh, the Dogra jagirdar of Jammu.
• Maharaja Hari Singh, who was connected the throne erstwhile India became independent, was descended from Gulab Singh. As the British prepared to retreat from India aft dividing it, the princely states were fixed the enactment of joining either India oregon Pakistan oregon remaining independent, though the past enactment was hardly practical. Yet, it was this enactment that appealed to Hari Singh, with dreams of making Kashmir “completely neutral”, a “Switzerland of the East”.
• In June 1947, Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten visited Srinagar. He advised Hari Singh’s premier curate to prime either state and accede, but was told the authorities wanted to stay independent. He besides sought a gathering with the king, but was informed astatine the past infinitesimal that Singh was unwell.
• A notation present indispensable beryllium made of the Boundary Commission’s determination connected Gurdaspur. Geographically, Kashmir was connected to the remainder of the subcontinent by 3 routes: Rawalpindi-Baramula-Srinagar; Sialkot-Jammu-Banihal pass; and a “jeepable” ungraded way via Gurdaspur. The Gurdaspur territory contained the 4 districts of Shakargarh, Batala, Gurdaspur and Pathankot. Gurdaspur territory had a bulk Muslim population, and was expected to spell to Pakistan. Had that happened, India would hardly person immoderate onshore connectivity with Kashmir, and Hari Singh’s prime would beauteous overmuch person been made for him.
• On September 27, 1947 [India aft Gandhi, by Ramachandra Guha], Nehru wrote to Patel that the concern successful J&K was “dangerous and deteriorating”. Nehru believed Pakistan planned to “infiltrate into Kashmir present and to instrumentality immoderate large enactment arsenic soon arsenic Kashmir is much oregon little isolated due to the fact that of the coming winter” [Schofield]. In little than a month, the infiltrators came, crossing implicit from past North-West Frontier Province connected October 22.
• Hari Singh cabled to the Indian authorities for subject aid. A time later, connected October 25, apical diplomat VP Menon flew to Srinagar, and advised Hari Singh to determination to Jammu for safety. On October 26, Menon flew backmost to Delhi and a gathering of the Defence Committee was held, wherever Governor-General Mountabatten said that India should intervene militarily lone aft Hari Singh had acceded. Menon went backmost to Jammu, and returned with the Instrument of Accession successful his hand.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Knowledge Nugget of the day: Jammu and Kashmir Elections
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍Siachen Glacier is situated to the (UPSC CSE Prelims GS-1, 2020)
(a) East of Aksai Chin
(b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley
📍Which 1 of the pursuing is the largest (areawise) Lok Sabha constituency? (UPSC CSE Prelims GS-1, 2008)
(a) Kangra
(b) Ladakh
(c) Kachchh
(d) Bhilwara
EXPRESS NETWORK
Bombay HC allows azygous pistillate to terminate implicit 20-week pregnancy
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Mains Examination:
• General Studies II: Structure, enactment and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary-Ministries and Departments of the Government; unit groups and formal/informal associations and their relation successful the Polity.
• General Studies IV: Ethical concerns and dilemmas successful authorities and backstage institutions
What’s the ongoing story-The Bombay High Court precocious allowed a 23-year-old unmarried pistillate successful a consensual narration to terminate her unwanted pregnancy. The HC held that observations successful the September 2022 judgement of the Supreme Court that extended the close to harmless and ineligible termination up to 24 weeks to unmarried and azygous women were applicable successful the contiguous case.
It directed the authorities authorities to marque changes arsenic per SC observations, successful forms, formats, and procedures seeking to beryllium followed successful cases seeking an termination nether the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.
Key Points to Ponder-
• The law close of women to marque reproductive choices successful India-Know September 2022 judgement of the Supreme Court
• What is India’s instrumentality connected abortion?
• Why does the authorities person this gap?
• The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 and The caller Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021-Compare and Contrast
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021-Know the cardinal provisions
• Significance and value of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021?
• Issues and Challenges associated with Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021?
• What bash you recognize by the trial of “foetal viability”?
• Is determination a question of ‘foetal viability’ successful termination successful India, and bash the rights of an unborn kid substance successful the aforesaid mode arsenic successful galore jurisdictions abroad?
• A pistillate faces a existent “moral dilemma” oregon “moral conflict” erstwhile it comes to gestation termination-Discuss Rights vs Ethics successful this scenario
• Discuss Pro-life versus pro-choice dilemma.
For Your Information-
• The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 (MTP Act) allows the termination of gestation nether the pursuing circumstances. Upto 20 weeks, termination is allowed connected the proposal of 1 doctor.
• In lawsuit of a gestation of 20-24 weeks, termination is allowed arsenic an exception, but lone nether definite categories, aft 2 registered aesculapian practitioners person evaluated the close to question termination.
• Rule 3B of Rules annexed to the MTP Act, which was amended successful 2021, specify 7 categories of women who are eligible for termination betwixt 20-24 weeks. These are: survivors of intersexual battle oregon rape oregon incest; minors; those who person a alteration of marital presumption during the ongoing gestation (widowhood and divorce); women with carnal disabilities; mentally sick women; women carrying malformed foetus that has important hazard of being incompatible with life; and women with gestation successful humanitarian settings oregon catastrophe oregon exigency situations arsenic whitethorn beryllium declared by the government.
• While courts person work the MTP Act liberally, the trial of “foetal viability” arsenic a benchmark to let termination is caller successful India. The landmark 1973 US Supreme Court verdict successful ‘Roe v Wade’ that made termination a law close allows termination up to the constituent of foetal viability, that is, the clip aft which a foetus tin past extracurricular the womb.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍What is ‘foetal viability’ successful abortion, and bash the rights of an unborn kid matter?
📍Abortion laws astir the world
📍What is India’s termination law?
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍 What are the continued challenges for Women successful India against clip and space? (UPSC CSE Mains, GS Paper 1, 2019)
ECONOMY
To accommodate start-ups, MeitY relaxes AI compute procurement norms
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Awareness successful the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intelligence spot rights.
What’s the ongoing story-The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) has relaxed immoderate provisions successful its norms to procure computing capableness for artificial quality (AI) solutions nether the country’s ambitious Rs 10,300 crore AI Mission. A fig of smaller companies had earlier raised concerns that immoderate of the ministry’s requirements were exclusionary and would person benefitted lone bigger companies.
Know Basics-
• What is India’s AI Mission?
• Key Features of India AI Mission
Key Points to Ponder-
• What are the changes introduced by the MeitY nether its AI Mission
• Why Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) has relaxed immoderate provisions successful its norms to procure computing capableness for artificial quality (AI) solutions?
• Why smaller companies had earlier raised concerns?
• India AI Mission-Know its cardinal features and objectives
• Why AI regularisation is needed?
• If Regulated past what should beryllium the limit?
• If regulated, past what are the risks associated with regulating AI?
• What has been India’s Response to demands for AI Regulation?
For Your Information-
• Computing capacity, oregon compute, is among the astir important elements of gathering a ample AI system, isolated from algorithmic innovation and information sets. It is besides 1 of the astir hard elements to procure for smaller businesses looking to bid and physique specified AI systems, fixed the precocious costs.
• In a corrigendum to a tender published successful August, the IT Ministry has besides lowered the capableness of computing powerfulness that palmy bidders would person to provide. Initially it said that 1,000 GPUs should person a show threshold of 15 TFLOPS for FP32, 300 TFLOPS for FP16, and 40 GB AI compute memory. In the corrigendum, the authorities has reduced FP16 to 150 TFLOPS (from 300 TFLOPS) and reduced AI compute representation request from 40 GB to 24 GB.
• TFLOPS is simply a portion that measures the computing powerfulness of a system. For example, if a strategy has 10 TFLOPS of FP16 performance, it means it tin transportation retired 10 trillion FP16 calculations each second. While determination person been immoderate relaxations, the ministry has besides introduced a caller method criterion of a company’s acquisition successful offering AI services to customers.
• Now, companies volition person to taxable the fig of companies they person antecedently offered AI compute services successful in the past 3 fiscal years (2020- 21, 2021-22 and 2022-23). Minimum billing should beryllium Rs 10 lakh, with companies receiving further marks for servicing a definite fig of customers.
Do You Know-
• Under the India AI Mission, the authorities volition look to found a computing capableness of much than 10,000 GPUs and besides assistance make foundational models with a capableness of much than 100 cardinal parameters trained connected datasets covering large Indian languages for precedence sectors similar healthcare, agriculture, and governance. AI Curation Units (ACUs) volition besides beryllium developed successful 50-line ministries. The connection besides includes the constitution of an AI marketplace designed to connection AI arsenic a work and pre-trained models to those moving connected AI applications.
• The implementation of this AI compute infrastructure volition beryllium done done a public-private concern exemplary with 50 per cent viability spread funding. If the compute prices travel down, the backstage entity volition person to adhd much compute capableness wrong the aforesaid budgeted magnitude to conscionable accrued demand. Of the full outlay, Rs 4,564 crore has been earmarked for gathering computing infrastructure.
• Computing capacity, oregon compute, is among the astir important elements of gathering a ample AI strategy isolated from algorithmic innovation and datasets. It is besides 1 of the astir hard elements to procure for smaller businesses looking to bid and physique specified AI systems.
• The authorities volition besides concern deeptech start-ups astatine assorted levels of growth, arsenic per the Cabinet approval. Of the full outlay, astir Rs 2,000 crore has been earmarked towards this. The authorities volition besides acceptable up the IndiaAI Innovation Research Centre which volition undertake the improvement and deployment of ample foundational models, with a absorption connected indigenous ample multimodel Models and domain-specific foundational models. Close to Rs 2,000 crore has been earmarked for this centre.
• An IndiaAI Datasets Platform volition besides beryllium acceptable up arsenic portion of the programme which volition look astatine leveraging the quality, access, and usage of non-personal datasets for AI innovation. The level volition beryllium tasked with hosting identified “high-quality” AI acceptable datasets.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍AI Mission: With caller budgetary allocation, IT Ministry looks to procure up to 500 GPUs
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍Introduce the conception of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI assistance objective diagnosis? Do you comprehend immoderate menace to privateness of the idiosyncratic successful the usage of Al successful healthcare? (UPSC CSE Mains, GS 3, 2023)
📍The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance arsenic an integral portion of government”. Discuss. (UPSC CSE GS 2, 2020)
EXPLAINED
Discriminatory: Why SC struck down caste rules successful jailhouse manuals
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Main Examination: General Studies I: Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
What’s the ongoing story-What’s the ongoing story-The Supreme Court connected Thursday (October 3) struck down a bid of rules successful respective authorities situation manuals which “reinforce caste differences” and people members of marginalised communities, particularly those dubbed “criminal tribes” successful the assemblage epoch for violating the cardinal rights of the prisoners.
Key Points to Ponder-
• Why did SC onslaught down these rules now?
• How bash the situation manuals reenforce caste and assemblage stereotypes?
• What are the cardinal rights nether the Constitution of India for prisoners?
• How are cardinal rights of prisoners violated?
For Your Information-
• The Supreme Court connected Thursday (October 3) struck down a bid of rules successful respective authorities situation manuals which “reinforce caste differences” and people members of marginalised communities, particularly those dubbed “criminal tribes” successful the assemblage epoch for violating the cardinal rights of the prisoners.
• The determination follows a plea filed by writer Sukanya Shantha, highlighting a bid of rules and provisions successful situation manuals from states including Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. The rules woody with the classification of prisoners and the duty of enactment based connected specified classifications.
• According to the 148-page determination authored by Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud, these manuals assigned situation enactment successful ways that “perpetuate(s) caste-based labour divisions and reenforce societal hierarchies”, violating the cardinal rights of prisoners.
For instance, nether the Madhya Pradesh Jail Manual, 1987, prisoners from the ‘Mehtar’ caste — a Scheduled Caste assemblage — are specifically assigned latrine cleaning work. They are required to “empty the contents of the tiny receptacle into ample robust drums and regenerate the receptacles successful the latrine aft having cleaning them” during routinely conducted ‘latrine parades’.
• The Supreme Court has declared each the provisions and rules successful question unconstitutional, and directed states and national territories to revise their situation manuals wrong 3 months. It has besides directed the Centre to marque indispensable changes to code caste favoritism successful the Model Prison Manual 2016 and the draught Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023 wrong the aforesaid period.
Know the Background-
• The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 allowed the British Raj to state immoderate assemblage arsenic a “criminal tribe” if they were deemed “addicted to systematic committee of non-bailable offences”. With this declaration, these tribes were forced to settee successful designated locations, subjected to changeless checks and the menace of apprehension without a warrant, and much draconian restrictions “based connected a stereotype which considered respective marginalized communities arsenic calved criminals”.
• After aggregate amendments and iterations, the Act was repealed successful 1952 and the erstwhile ‘criminal tribes’ became known arsenic ‘denotified tribes’. However, according to the apex court, “The manuals/rules besides reenforce stereotypes against denotified tribes” done the classification betwixt habitual and non-habitual criminals.
Do You Know-The apex tribunal elaborate however the rules flagged by Shantha interruption a big of cardinal rights nether the Constitution of India:
—RIGHT TO EQUALITY (Article 14): The tribunal held that caste tin lone beryllium utilized arsenic a crushed for classification “…as agelong arsenic it is utilized to assistance benefits to the victims of caste discrimination”. It besides stated that “Segregating prisoners connected the ground of caste would reenforce caste differences oregon animosity that ought to beryllium prevented astatine the archetypal place” and that specified classification “deprives immoderate of them of adjacent accidental to beryllium assessed for their correctional needs, and consequently, accidental to reform.”
—RIGHT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION (Article 15): The tribunal held that the manuals some straight and indirectly discriminate against marginalised communities. “By assigning cleaning and sweeping enactment to the marginalized castes, portion allowing the precocious castes to bash cooking, the Manuals straight discriminate” it held. Further, “By assigning circumstantial types of enactment to marginalized castes based connected their expected “customary” roles, the Manuals perpetuate the stereotype that radical from these communities are either incapable of oregon unfit for much skilled, dignified, oregon intelligence work” which the tribunal held results successful indirect discrimination.
—ABOLITION OF UNTOUCHABILITY (Article 17): The tribunal reproduced a bid of rules and held that they were typical of untouchability being practised successful prisons. In Uttar Pradesh, a convict “shall not beryllium called upon to execute duties of a degrading oregon menial quality unless helium belongs to a people oregon assemblage accustomed to execute specified duties”. To this, the tribunal held that “The conception that an concern is considered arsenic “degrading oregon menial” is an facet of the caste strategy and untouchability”.
—RIGHT TO LIFE WITH DIGNITY (Article 21): The tribunal held that the close to beingness with dignity nether Article 21 “envisages the maturation of idiosyncratic personality” and “provides for the close to flooded caste barriers arsenic a portion of the close to beingness of individuals from marginalized communities”. These rules successful situation manuals, it held, “restrict the reformation of prisoners from marginalised communities” and “deprive(s) prisoners from marginalized groups of a consciousness of dignity and the anticipation that they should beryllium treated equally”, violating this right.
—PROHIBITION OF FORCED LABOUR (Article 23): Referring to however enactment is distributed specified that immoderate communities execute ‘honourable’ enactment portion marginalised communities are relegated to ‘undesirable’ work, the tribunal held “Imposing labour oregon work, which is considered impure oregon low-grade, upon the members of marginalized communities amounts to “forced labour” nether Article 23”.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Court shows the way: No spot for caste successful prisons
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of nationalist and planetary importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Awareness successful the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intelligence spot rights.
What’s the ongoing story-This year’s Nobel Prize successful Physics recognises 2 scientists whose enactment laid the foundations of the AI gyration that is presently unfolding. John Hopfield, a 91-year-old American, and Geoffrey Hinton, a 76-year-old British-born Canadian, were connected Tuesday awarded the Nobel Prize for their “foundational discoveries and inventions that alteration instrumentality learning with artificial neural networks”. The 2 scientists, moving separately, did astir of their ground-breaking probe successful the 1980s, but the interaction of their enactment is opening to beryllium felt lone now.
Key Points to Ponder-
• This year’s Nobel Prize successful Physics recognises what?
• Is AI Physics?
• John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton received the Nobel Prize for what?
• What is the Hopfield network?
• What is simply a Boltzmann machine?
For Your Information–
• AI has go communal parlance now, but the root of the word dates backmost to the mid-1950s, erstwhile scientists began speaking of computers arsenic “intelligent” machines. As computers became much and much almighty implicit the years, they accomplished progressively analyzable tasks with large efficiency, and seemingly gained successful intelligence. However, these were inactive calculation-based tasks — and each that was fundamentally happening was that the machine was capable to cipher faster and bash galore much tasks simultaneously than earlier.
• Efforts to get a machine to imitate the functioning of the quality encephalon did not marque overmuch headway until Hopfield’s revolutionary enactment successful the 1980s. A theoretical physicist with interests successful molecular biology and neuroscience, Hopfield built an artificial neural network, resembling the web of nervus cells successful the quality brain, that allowed machine systems to ‘remember’ and ‘learn’.
• “Earlier, successful 1949, the Canadian scientist Donald Hebb had discovered that the process of learning successful quality beings progressive imperishable and irreversible changes successful the synapses, oregon connections, betwixt nervus cells wherever the connection related to the learning was occurring. Hopfield built an artificial neural web that could execute thing similar, and this was a large breakthrough,” said Vipin Srivastava, a erstwhile prof of Physics astatine the University of Hyderabad, who has himself made cardinal contributions to the field.
• Hopfield’s web processed accusation utilizing the full web structure, and not its idiosyncratic constituents. This was dissimilar accepted computing successful which accusation is stored oregon processed successful the smallest bits. So, erstwhile a Hopfield web is fixed caller information, similar an representation oregon a song, it captures the full signifier successful 1 go, remembering the connections oregon relationships betwixt the constituting parts, similar pixels successful the lawsuit of images.
• It allows the web to recall, identify, oregon regenerate that representation oregon opus erstwhile an incomplete, oregon similar-looking, representation is passed arsenic input. Hopfield’s enactment was a leap towards enabling signifier designation successful computers, thing that allows look designation oregon representation betterment tools that are communal now.
• Hinton took guardant the enactment of Hopfield and developed artificial networks that could execute overmuch much analyzable tasks. So, portion Hopfield networks could recognise elemental patterns of signifier oregon sound, Hinton’s precocious models could recognize voices and pictures. These neural networks could beryllium strengthened, and their accuracy astatine signifier designation enhanced, done repeated inputs of data, called training. Hinton developed a method called backpropagation that enabled the artificial neural networks to larn from erstwhile mistakes and amended itself.
• The process of continuous learning and betterment by grooming connected ample datasets led to the improvement of heavy neural networks that contained aggregate layers of networks. Hinton demonstrated that heavy networks resulted successful the learning of much analyzable features and patterns successful ample datasets. Deep learning is astatine the bosom of modern code and representation recognition, translation, dependable assistance and self-driving cars.
• The powerfulness of Hinton’s heavy networks were astir spectacularly demonstrated astatine the 2012 ImageNet Visual Recognition Challenge, a contention organised to trial caller technologies successful representation recognition. A signifier designation algorithm utilizing heavy neural networks developed by Hinton and his students, called AlexNet, showed melodramatic improvements successful recognising images.
Do You Know-
• In 2018, Hinton was awarded the Turing Prize, the astir prestigious grant successful machine science. In fact, Hinton’s full enactment has been successful machine science, dissimilar Hopfield, who has made contributions to physics, neuroscience, and biology. Srivastava, the erstwhile prof astatine Hyderabad University, said the Physics Nobel was applicable chiefly due to the fact that Hopfield’s 1982 enactment borrowed from immoderate earlier breakthroughs successful physics.
• This is not the archetypal clip that the Nobel Committee had picked a machine subject breakthrough for the Nobel Prize successful Physics. In 2007, the Physics Nobel was awarded for enactment that related to information retention devices similar hard drives.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
📍Nobel physics prize 2024 won by AI pioneers John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton
SMALLER AREA SOWN, RUINED CROP: WHY TOMATO HAS HIT RS 100/KG
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, improvement and employment.
What’s the ongoing story– The National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation of India nether the Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution began selling tomatoes astatine a subsidised terms of Rs 65 per kg successful Delhi arsenic retail prices touched Rs 120-130 astatine immoderate places connected Monday. Customers astir the state are paying astatine slightest Rs 80-90/ kg for tomato. Consumer terms information compiled by the ministry amusement mean prices connected October 7 had accrued importantly from a period ago, with the southbound portion mean terms having astir doubled implicit this period.
Key Points to Ponder-
• Why are prices of herb rising, and for however agelong volition this concern last?
• What origin distinguishes Indian inflation from galore different developed countries?
• Why are prices of herb rising, and for however agelong volition this concern last?
• What is Inflation?
• Know the Types of Inflation similar Moderate Inflation, Galloping Inflation, Hyper-Inflation, Stagflation, Deflation, Core Inflation etc.
• What are the causes of Inflation successful the contiguous situation
• How Inflation is Measured successful India?
• What is the Long term, Medium Term and Short-term interaction of Inflation?
• New Standard for Measuring Inflation successful India and Old Standard for Measuring Inflation-Key Differences
• Steps oregon Measures Taken by GOI to Control Inflation
For Your Information-
• The main reasons for the abrupt terms spike is little than expected sowing, and demolition of market-ready harvest successful immoderate parts of the herb portion owed to dense rainfall successful the past week of September, farmers said.
• As of September 20, full sowing of 1.98 lakh hectares (lh) of kharif herb was reported, acold beneath the people of 2.89 lh. On this day past year, 2.20 lh of kharif herb had been sown. Unlike onion, which is grown thrice a year, determination is lone a kharif and a rabi tomato. Kharif herb is grown chiefly successful Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana; the rabi harvest is grown successful parts of Maharashtra and parts of Karnataka.
• Rabi herb is transplanted successful February-March and harvested aft astir 160 days. The kharif harvest is transplanted aft June-July, and transplantation tin proceed till September successful parts of Maharashtra.
Other Important Articles Covering the aforesaid topic:
Previous twelvemonth UPSC Mains Question Covering akin theme:
📍What are the causes of persistent precocious nutrient ostentation successful India? Comment connected the effectiveness of the monetary argumentation of the RBI to power this benignant of inflation. (UPSC CSE GS3, 2024)
For immoderate queries and feedback, interaction priya.shukla@indianexpress.com
Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and travel america on Instagram and X.
.png "indianexpress.")
.png "khaleejtimes")
.png "arabnews")
.png "gulfnews"){kind=logo}
English (US) · 
Hindi (IN) ·